Economy, Globalisation and Platforms

Central research question

Under-questions testable: the concentration increases-t-she the costs of access for of nouveaux media or créateurs? The effects of network créent-ils has lock-in measurable? The changements of ranking touchent-ils some genres or opinions more that of other, after prise in compte of the asks and of the quality? The obligations of transparency améliorent-they the explicabilité without entraîner has surveillance excessive? The chains of value transnational make-they the appeal less accessibles? HAS political of regulation reduces-she has harm documenté without create has nouvelle dependence to the authority?

Definitions and terminology

Each study must specify its market pertinent, its unit (company, user, content, countries, contract or épisode), its period and the mechanism examiné. The terms « censorship », « monopoly », « manipulation » and « surveillance » not must not replace the description of facts observable.

Power economic and freedom of expression

The power economic can agir on the parole by au less six voies: ownership directe of has media or of has infrastructure; control of has intrant necessary; power of négociation in has contract; dependence to has source of income; control of the distribution and of the visibility; capacity to supporter or to impose of costs legal, techniques and réputationnels. These voies not produisent not toutes the same result.

HAS rédaction détenue by has group can keep has independence professionnelle; to the inverse, has media without concentration apparente can depend of has annonceur, of has financeur or of has prestataire essential. It must therefore distinguish ownership, governance, financement, control editorial, control technique and effect on the content. HAS statement public of influence not is not has evidence of modification of has article.

For establish has link with the freedom of expression, seek has sequence: has actor possède or control has ressource; this position modifie has option concrète; has rule, has contract or has decision intervient; the effet is observable on the access, the visibility, the capacity of publication or the plurality; has explanation competing is less convaincante. Without this sequence, parler of has « climat » or of has « risk » rather that of has effect causal established.

Globalisation and rules transnational

The circulation internationale of biens, services, capital, data and content can do rencontrer of audiences that seraient separate by the distance. She can also déplacer of decisions hors of the territory where the people subissent the effects. HAS company can be constituée in has countries, héberger in has other, vendre of espaces publicitaires in has third and appliquer has political mondiale to of users soumis to of rights différents.

The rules transnational comprennent the commerce, the investissement, the fiscalité, the rights humains, the right of the concurrence, the protection of data, the work, the sanctions and the accords techniques. They not are not équivalentes: some organise of markets, of other protègent of people, of other still give has skill to has authority. It must identifier the text, its status, its champ territorial and its voies of appeal.

HAS norm commune can accroître the prévisibilité for the users and the companies; she can also déplacer the decision towards has instance less accessible. HAS measure nationale can protect has right in has context and fragmenter the access in has other. The question not is not of choose has priori between ouverture and sovereignty, but of examiner the effects on the plurality, the appeal, the transparency and the groups exposés.

Markets, concentration and pluralism

The concentration not itself measure not only au nombre of companies. It must define the market: activité, produces or function; zone geographical; period; substituts; côté of the platform; relationship between users, annonceurs and producteurs. HAS actor can be dominant in the advertising digital but in concurrence on the market more large of the attention, or inversement. The choice of the périmètre can changer the diagnosis.

The indicators possible incluent parts of market, development of entrées and sorties, marges, costs of changement, exclusivités, control of data, integration verticale, access to the infrastructures, conditions contractuelles and capacity of négociation. No indicator isolé not prouve has effect on the parole. HAS forte part can financer of services accessibles; has faible part can suffire to create has dependence on has segment stratégique.

The pluralism asks of observer the voix réellement audibles: diversity of propriétaires, of rédactions, of producteurs, of langues, of audiences and of formats; possibility of create has media or of migrer towards has other service; costs of distribution; concentration of annonceurs; disponibilité of financements no commercial. The nombre of content is not sufficient if the mêmes systems déterminent their scope.

Models economic of platforms

HAS platform can itself financer by abonnement, commission, advertising, vente of services to the companies, frais of transaction, subvention croisée, licence, financement public or combinaison of these models. The model influence the indicators optimisés: temps passé, conversion, rétention, security, satisfaction, income or volume of transactions. It not autorise not to déduire has intention editorial.

In has model publicitaire, the attention and the segmentation can be of actifs. Cela can make visibles of petites organisations grâce to has targeting peu coûteux, but also récompenser of content that déclenchent of réactions rapides. In has model of abonnement, the relationship directe can soutenir has journalism spécialisé, but exclude the audiences that not can payer. In has model of commission, the visibility can be liée to has vente or to has ranking marchand.

For the analyse, demander: that paie? that is mesuré? that supporte the risk? which rules changent the income of has créateur? has baisse of scope vient-she of has ranking, of has asks, of has saisonnalité, of has changement of prix or of has sanction? The contracts, versions of rules, newspapers of decision and data longitudinales are préférables to the impressions isolées.

Data and surveillance

The platforms can collecter of data fournies directement, observées when of the usage or inférées to partir of behaviours. They can servir to sécuriser has compte, personnaliser has interface, vendre of the advertising, classer of content or détecter has fraude. The same arrangement can améliorer the access to has information pertinente and increase the asymétrie between the opérateur and the person that parle.

The surveillance, in this dossier, means has observation or has inference suffisamment systématique for modifier the possibilités of action, the confidentialité or the capacity to s’exprimer. It must document the collecte, the finalité, the durée, the destinataires, the contestation and the risk of réidentification. The simple existence of data not establishes not has surveillance abusive, not more that a political of confidentialité not prouve the absence of effet.

The groups minoritaires, journalists, syndicalistes, lanceurs of alerte and people vivant under has menace can subir has cost of expression supérieur if their interactions are traçables. But the suppression of all signalement can also empêcher of traiter the abuses. The safeguards must therefore be évaluées: minimisation, access, correction, security, control independent, limitation of uses secondaires and protection against the demandes abusives.

Algorithms and ranking

HAS ranking turns has set of content or of comptes in ordre of présentation. It can use the research of the user, the fraîcheur, the pertinence declared, the relationships sociales, the probabilité of interaction, the security, the popularité, the rémunération or of rules hybrid. The term « algorithme » does not describe to lui only the decision: it must identifier the objectif, the data, the intervention humaine and the context.

The ranking can reduce the cost of découverte, traduire, recommend and put in relationship of audiences. It can also amplifier of content already populaires, make the results opaques, create of boucles of rétroaction or pénaliser of expressions minoritaires and of formats less rentables. These risks are of hypotheses: it must the test on of échantillons, of audits, of changements of version and of groups comparables.

The visibility not is not has variable binaire. Code au less: presence, position, recommandation, tendance, partage, monétisation, notification, withdrawal, déréférencement and delay of réapparition. HAS person can publish without be lue; has other can be very visible without contrôler the context of diffusion. Publish has method of audit without divulguer of data sensitive nor fournir of recette of contournement.

Moderation and governance private

The moderation can reduce the menaces, the fraude, the exploitation and the harassment, and preserve the capacity of participate. She can also withdraw has expression licite, mal interpréter has language or has context, appliquer has rule of way inégale or impose has appeal difficile. The question « is-this of the censorship? » must be décomposée: that has agi, on which basis, with which skill, which motivation announced, which effect and which appeal?

HAS platform private not is not the État, but has decision private can have has importance public when the service is has canal essential for has community, has campagne, has activité professionnelle or has alerte. This importance not turns not automatiquement the service in authority public. She justifie the examen of safeguards: rules lisibles, notification, explanation proportionate, appeal, délais, cohérence, protection of data and publication of reports contrôlables.

It is necessary to distinguish the decisions prises by has operator, the demandes of has gouvernement, the decisions judiciaires, the obligations légales, the démonétisation, the étiquetage, the limitation of recommandation and the withdrawal. HAS source that affirme « censuré » can use has term political; the dossier must keep the does verifiable derrière the term, without dénigrer the person that the rapporte.

Infrastructure and access

Expression depends of has set matériel: networks, câbles, centres of data, terminaux, systems of names, hébergeurs, magasins of applications, services of payment and énergie. The infrastructures can expand the access to of audiences éloignés, assurer the redondance and soutenir the coopération. Their ownership or their control can also create has point of défaillance or has capacity of exclusion.

It must separate disponibilité technique, accessibility financière, quality of service, neutralité of the trafic, security, continuité, accessibility for the people handicapées and freedom of content. HAS panne not is not has censorship; has coupure ordonnée by has authority not is not the same chose that a défaillance; has blocage of payment not is not nécessairement has withdrawal editorial. The actors, the contracts and the chains of decision must be identifiés.

The infrastructures transfrontalières make the effects geographically asymétriques. HAS same service can be disponible in has capitale and inaccessible in has zone rurale, or accessible techniquement but trop coûteux for some groups. The measures of access must inclure the effects distributifs and the possibility of use of canaux alternatifs, without publish of details permettant of contourner has security legitimate.

Work and dependence of créateurs

The journalists, modérateurs, traducteurs, développeurs, livreurs, vendeurs and créateurs can depend of has platform for their income, their réputation, their clientèle or their outils. This dependence can offer has entry to of people that not auraient not access to the intermediaries traditionnels. She can also transférer the risk economic towards of individuals whose the visibility and the income changent with of rules unilatérales.

HAS study must document the relationship of work or of prestation, the rémunération, the délais of payment, the portabilité of audiences, the access to the data, the sanctions, the mechanisms of appel, the obligations of disponibilité and the protection social. HAS baisse of income not is not automatiquement imputable to has moderation: concurrence, asks, saisonnalité, quality, prix and conjoncture must be testés.

The conditions of work of the moderation are also pertinentes for the freedom of expression: the pressure temporelle and the exposure to the content difficiles can accroître the erreurs, tandis that the automatisation can déplacer the problem without the résoudre. The people that témoignent must power the do without risk of identification or of représailles.

Advertising and pressure financière

The advertising can financer the information, make of services gratuits and allow to of petites organisations of toucher has public. She can also create has dependence to of intermediaries, to of indicators of clic or to of categories of audience. It is necessary to distinguish the pressure directe of has annonceur, the contrainte economic générale, the auto-censorship anticipée and the effet of has system of ranking publicitaire.

For document has pressure, seek has asks identifiable, has changement editorial, has trace contractuelle or several épisodes comparables. HAS coïncidence between has article and the départ of has annonceur is not sufficient. HAS investigation can trianguler témoignages, versions of page, contracts, figures comptables disponibles and chronologie, in protégeant the sources.

The dependence to the advertising not is not the only alternative. Abonnement, dons, fondations, mutualisation, financement public, coopératives and models hybrid have chacun of avantages and of risks: exclusion by the prix, influence of financeurs, précarité, bureaucratie or absence of responsibility. L’évaluation must keep the arbitrages.

Regulation étatique and responsibility of platforms

The regulation can seek to protect the concurrence, the consommateurs, the mineurs, the data, the travailleurs, the intégrité électorale or the freedom of media. She can améliorer the transparency and the appeal. She can also impose of obligations vagues, surcharger the petits actors, encourager the withdrawal préventif or give to has authority has power difficile to contrôler. « Regulate » not means therefore not automatiquement protect the parole.

The Digital Services Act and the resources official of the Commission European constituent has point of entry for study the obligations applicables to the services digital in the Union European; it must verify the text consolidé, the service concerné, the date, the authority compétente and the acts of application before any claim legal. This dossier not interprète not has obligation precise and not remplace not has reading professionnelle of the right.

HAS assessment must demander: which harm is visé? which obligation is imposée? that control the opérateur and that control the contrôleur? the procedures protègent-they the confidentialité and the contradictoire? what effects on the petits actors, the researchers and the users? the decisions are-they contestables? the rule distinguishes-t-she content illégal, content préjudiciable, content controversé and simple disagreement?

Skill transfrontalière

HAS content can be créé in has countries, hébergé in has other and consulted in several territories. HAS asks of withdrawal can s’appuyer on has loi nationale, has decision judiciaire, has contract mondial or has measure technique. The result can be local or global. The analysis must establish the link of skill and not not généraliser has decision régionale to all the users.

The conflicts of lois can create has course towards the rule the more restrictive, but the effet depends of the scope technique and commercial of the measure. The sanctions financières, restrictions of investissement and contrôles of exportation can modifier the access to of infrastructures or to of services without viser directement has discours. It must examine the effects indirects and the exemptions humanitaires or journalistiques lorsqu’elles existent, without in supposer the content.

The appeal transfrontaliers are often coûteux: language, representation, access to the documents, délais and asymétrie of information. HAS dossier seriously indicates the countries, the date, the rule invoquée, the authority, the type of decision, the étendue geographical, the mechanism of appeal and what remains unknown.

Benefits and opportunités democratic

The mêmes outils can soutenir of values democratic lorsqu’ils reduce the barrières of entry, give access to of archives and to of experts, allow has traduction or has coordination transnational, make visibles of experiments minoritaires and facilitent the financement direct. Of markets concurrentiels can encourager the quality, the prix bas and the innovation. Of infrastructures public or ouvertes can increase the résilience.

The platforms give also has chance to of people without access to has rédaction, has maison of édition or has diffuseur of publish and of constituer has audience. This promesse not is not has result garanti: she depends of the portabilité of data, of costs, of the accessibility, of rules of visibility, of the possibility of appeal and of the security of users.

The opportunités must be mesurées by of results distribués: that can entrer, that can rester, that gagne has public, that is rémunéré, that can challenge has decision and that bénéficie of the circulation internationale? HAS innovation that increases the volume of parole but reduces the indépendance of actors can produce has bilan mixte.

Risks and préjudices

The risks possible comprennent lock-in, dependence, surveillance, profilage, amplification of erreurs, harassment, exclusion economic, dégradation of conditions of work, asymétrie of appeal, concentration of infrastructures, fragmentation legal and pressure financière on the media. Ils must be formulés as of mechanisms and reliés to of people or institutions exposées.

HAS risk not is not has préjudice established. For parler of effet, specify the gravité, the fréquence, the durée, the distribution, the réversibilité and the evidence. HAS content less recommandé can diminuer has audience; it not allows not to lui only of identifier has intention political. HAS contract défavorable can reduce the autonomy economic; it not prouve not that a platform seeks to do taire has opinion particulière.

The dossier excludes the accusations no verified, the data private, the inférences psychological, the generalisations identity-based and the details that faciliteraient the harassment. The narratives of préjudice must provide has minimisation of data, has verification proportionate, has right of reply and has possibility of withdrawal when the risk excède the intérêt public.

Freedom of expression and power economic

The question normative is double: that can parler and that can déterminer this that the other voient? The freedom of expression protects the émission, the réception and the circulation of idées, but not garantit not has audience, has rémunération or the access to has company private. The economy intervient lorsqu’un actor control has passage obligé or when the absence of resources rend has right formal peu effectif.

Trois levels must be distingués. Au level legal, has rule of the État or has decision of justice can restreindre or protect the parole. Au level private, has operator can set of conditions of access, of ranking or of payment. Au level social and economic, the costs, the risks and the reports of négociation can conduire to not not parler. These levels interagissent, but has evidence in the a is not sufficient to establish has conclusion in the two other.

The plurality not means not that toutes the opinions must be artificiellement mises au same level. She exige that the criteria of selection pertinents soient discutables, that the erreurs puissent be corrigées, that the actors not soient not verrouillés without appeal and that the access to the parole public not soit not capturé by has petit nombre of intermediaries without control.

Explanations competing and against-arguments

HAS dossier équilibré must test au less the explanations suivantes: changement of asks of the public; development technologique; amélioration or dégradation of the quality; saisonnalité; conjoncture publicitaire; erreur of measure; changement of interface without intention political; concurrence of has nouveau service; decision judiciaire independent; contraintes of security; behaviour of users; or simple selection of cases rapportés.

Against-arguments importants: the concentration can financer of investissements and reduce the costs; has grande platform can offer more of safeguards that a petit operator; the absence of ranking not is not the absence of freedom; the moderation can protect the participation; the regulation can correct has power private but create has pressure public; the ouverture mondiale can accroître the choice all in fragilisant of actors local. Chacun must be évalué with the mêmes standards of evidence.

The research of has point of vue opposé not consists not to fabriquer has symétrie artificielle. She consists to interroger the hypotheses, the data manquantes, the interests and the limits of the framework retenu, then to indicate pourquoi has explanation is more or less soutenue.

Evidence and causal inference

HAS corrélation between concentration and baisse of pluralism can be due to the conjoncture, to the asks, to has development of costs or to has measure imparfaite of the pluralism. HAS chronologie is not sufficient to prouver has cause. HAS causality crédible asks has mechanism plausible, has cause antérieure, has result observable, has group or has period of comparison and has analysis of alternatives.

The designs possible incluent séries temporelles, comparison before-after, experiments naturelles, audits répétés, appariement, panel of users, analysis contractuelle and studies qualitatives of processus. The methods quantitatives must publish the definitions, dénominateurs, data manquantes and tests of robustesse. The methods qualitatives must keep the selection of cases, the guides of entretien, the contradictions and the limits of generalisation.

For each conclusion, use has échelle prudente: documents, suggère, is compatible with, not allows not of trancher or contredit. Avoid « prouve » lorsqu’une only source, has intention alléguée or has association statistical is disponible.

Case-study method

HAS cases serves to follow has mechanism in its context; it not represents not automatiquement has market or has population. The selection must specify s’il is about of has cases typique, contrasté, criticism or révélateur. The cases hypothetical ci-dessous are of démonstrations.

1. Define the épisode, the period, the territory, the actors, the market pertinent and the question testable.
2. Rassembler the documents primary: contract, rule, decision, report of audit, data, statement enregistrée or archive autorisée.
3. Build has chronologie and separate the facts documentés, the statements, the inférences and the inconnues.
4. Identifier the effects on the publication, the visibility, the income, the confidentialité, the access or the appeal.
5. Test au less two competing explanations and seek has against-cases comparable.
6. Solliciter the réponses of people or organisations directement mises in cause; publish the reply substantielle or the absence of reply.
7. Do relire the cases by has person independent, assess the risk of identification and set the date of reassessment.

Comparative matrix of coding

The matrix is destinée to the articles, reports, contracts, decisions, political public and entretiens. She not remplace not the source. Two codeurs testent has under-sample; the disagreements and changements of code are retained.

Research hypotheses

These research notes are falsifiables and not are not conclusions:

1. In has market local défini, has more forte concentration of intermediaries of distribution is associée to of costs of sortie more élevés for the petits media, toutes choses égales by ailleurs.
2. The portabilité of audiences and of data is associée to has moindre dependence economic of créateurs, with of effects variables according to the secteur and the taille.
3. The changements of ranking have of effects more importants on the actors whose the income dépendent of has only canal that on ceux that disposent of canaux diversifiés.
4. Of procedures of notification and of appel more prévisibles reduce the erreurs persistantes of moderation, without nécessairement reduce all the retraits.
5. The advertising ciblée accroît the capacity of petites organisations to atteindre of audiences spécifiques, but can increase the asymétrie of information and the incentives to the optimisation of the engagement.
6. The obligations transnational communes améliorent the lisibilité of rights for some users, but their benefits are moindres when the appeal are coûteux or the autorités difficiles to saisir.
7. HAS infrastructure more redondante reduces the effet of has panne or of has blocage local on the access to the parole, under réserve of costs and of compatibilité.
8. The conditions of work of modérateurs and of créateurs influencent the fiabilité and the diversity of content visibles, but the sens and the ampleur of the effet dépendent of the organisation of the work.

Before the recueil, publish the population, the period, the variables, the result nul possible, the criteria of exclusion and the plan of sensibilité.

Press and institutional corpus

The corpus combine of sources institutionnelles françaises and internationales, of sources legal and of data, and of media francophones and anglophones. It not is not homogène: has norm, has jeu of data, has reporting and has opinion not répondent not to the same question. The notices détaillées are in sources/bibliography-commentee.md.

Institutions and norms: Council of Europe and Court European of rights of the homme, HCDH, UNESCO, Commission European and matériel official of the Digital Services Act, OCDE, CNUCED/UNCTAD, OIT/ILO, Banque mondiale, FMI and OSCE. They serve to repérer the texts, definitions, indicators and cadres; it must citer the document precise after verification.

Press and information: The Monde, The Figaro, Libération, France 24, BBC, The Guardian, Reuters, Financial Times, The New York Times, Associated Press, Politico Europe and Deutsche Welle. Each article must be codé by language, gender, date, access, auteur, sources citées, level of evidence, possible correction and link towards the document primary.

The diversity editorial not itself déduit not of the prestige of has title. It must inclure reportages, investigations, analyses, opinions explicitement étiquetées, sources locales and voix directement concernées. Several articles reprenant the same dispatch not constituent not several confirmations indépendantes.

How lire this corpus

1. Compares the cadrages: which problem, which actor, which solution and which voix are made visibles?
2. Separate facts, statements, interprétations and opinions; attribute each claim to has source.
3. Retrouver the document primary: text of loi, decision, contract, report, method statistical, data or statement intégrale.
4. Noter the date of publication and the access date, the version, the mises to jour and the corrections.
5. Distinguish has does economic (part of market, contract, rule or flux documenté) of has claim causal on the freedom of expression.
6. Seek has explanation competing, has point of vue opposé or minoritaire and the people directement concernées.
7. Déclarer the paywalls, the authentification, the links cassés, the traductions, the archives utilisées and the elements that remain invérifiables.
8. Not not reproduce has article: citer the link, résumer in quelques phrases and keep the rights and limits of réutilisation.

The access date of this version is the 16 August 2026, but she not means not that a link has been ouvert to this date: the environment was hors ligne. Toutes the notices portant « to check before publication » must be contrôlées before any diffusion externe.

Safeguards editorial, right of reply, corrections and transparency

Test of neutralité: the question is-she symétrique, testable and distincte of has judgment of value? The text describes-it of mechanisms rather that of intentions? The categories « market », « platform », « media », « user » and « group » are-they définies? The conclusions are-they proportionnées to the evidence?

Exclusions: no data private; no accusation no verified; no langage hateful or dehumanising; no detail facilitant the harassment or the contournement of has security; no inference psychological; no generalisation identity-based. Rejeter has dossier fondé on has only rumeur, has page inaccessible and no corroborée, or has claim impossible to verify.

Right of reply: identifier the people and organisations directement mises in cause; adresser of questions précises with has delay raisonnable; not not publish of coordonnées personnelles; publish has reply substantielle with its context or report the absence of reply.

Log of corrections: numéro, date, passage, erreur, source of correction, decision, person responsible and visibility of the correction. Not not effacer the historical of has modification substantielle.

Registre of rights of source: URL, title exact after verification, auteur, date, licence or conditions of usage, access, archive autorisée, citation verified, restrictions, consentements and demandes of withdrawal. Keep has piste of audit of requêtes, versions, criteria of inclusion, exclusions, decisions of coding and relectures.

Withdrawal temporary: suspendre has page lorsqu’une erreur grave, has risk of security or has contestation documented exige has verification; publish has notice minimale and datée; verify before réactivation; correct or withdraw the passage if necessary.

Review independent and conflicts: has person extérieure to the rédaction relit the cases sensitive, the matrix and the claims causales. Déclarer financements, links institutional, interests economic, access privilégié and relationships with the sujets; appliquer has rule uniforme of récusation.

Reassessment: programmer has revue to date fixe the 16 August 2027, or more tôt after has decision, has correction, has modification réglementaire or has data nouvelle important.

FAQ

The dossier affirme-t-it that the platforms censurent?
No. It distinguishes withdrawal, ranking, démonétisation, asks étatique, contract and panne, and exige has evidence of the mechanism.

HAS grande company is-she nécessairement has monopoly?
No. The market pertinent, the substituts, the period and the function contrôlée must be définis.

The moderation is-she opposite to the freedom of expression?
Not in soi. She can protect the participation or produce of erreurs; it must examine the rule, the application, the proportionality and the appeal.

HAS changement of algorithme prouve-t-it has biais political?
No. It can correspondre to has modification technique, commercial, of security or of asks. HAS biais allégué must be testé with of data comparables.

The globalisation améliore-t-she or dégrade-t-she the debate public?
The two are possible. It must mesurer access, diversity, costs, dépendances, skills and appeal by territory.

HAS article of press is enough-it as evidence?
It can document that a claim has been publiée or that a event has been rapporté; for the facts centraux, retrouver the document primary and has corroboration adaptée.

That do of has source inaccessible or payante?
The report, not not the traiter as evidence verified, seek has source primary or has version accessible and déclarer the limit.

This dossier gives-t-it has opinion legal?
No. The texts legal and réglementaires must be verified in their version official and interprétés by of professionnels compétents.

Conclusion

The power economic agit on the freedom of expression lorsqu’il turns concrètement the conditions of publication, of access, of visibility, of financement, of confidentialité or of appeal. This relationship is neither automatique nor uniforme. HAS concentration can produce efficacité and accessibility, but also dependence; has platform can protect the participation, but also make its rules opaques; has regulation can correct has power private, but also create has nouveau point of control.

The conclusion responsible is therefore conditionnelle: define the market and the function, follow the chaîne of decision, distinguish the levels legal, private and socio-economic, seek the effects distribués, test the competing explanations and make visibles the inconnues. The plurality democratic itself measure less to the only quantité of paroles that à the possibility durable for of actors différents of parler, of être entendus, of challenge and of changer of intermédiaire.

Prochaines steps of research

1. Obtain the pages actuelles of the Site Struggle For Free Speech and the framework cadre éditorial autorisé, then carry out has table of conformité without importer of documents personnels.
2. Replace the entry points by of notices verified: title exact, auteur, date, document primary, access, rights and date of consultation.
3. Choose two or trois functions to study (by exemple advertising, ranking and payment), two territories and has period commune.
4. Pré-enregistrer the matrix, the hypotheses, the market pertinent, the variables, the criteria of exclusion and the plan of correction.
5. Constituer has sample bilingue of press and test the accord between codeurs in conservant the disagreements.
6. Collect contracts, decisions, reports of audit, data public and témoignages with minimisation, consentement, security and right of withdrawal.
7. Do relire the cases sensitive by has person independent and publish the limits, the réponses sollicitées and the conflicts of interests.
8. Effectuer the reassessment of the 16 August 2027 and withdraw or correct the elements devenus faux, ambigus, obsolètes or disproportionnés.