Freedom of Expression, Truth and Discernment

Central research question

This question itself décline in questions testable: which is the unité of analysis — phrase, article, vidéo, campagne, decision or practice institutional? Which claim is verifiable and in which delay? Which sources indépendantes the support or the contestent? Which is the risk concret for the people or for the debate? HAS intervention vise-t-she the content illégal, the visibility, the monétisation, the distribution, the access to has service, or only has correction? That décide, according to which rule, with which appeal and which date of reassessment?

HAS question neutre not présuppose nor the culpabilité nor the bonne foi of has camp. She describes has relationship to observer, provides has issue négative possible and sépare the facts mesurables of judgments of value.

Definitions and terminology

The terms suivants are of categories of work. Their use must rester contextuel; has qualification not must not devenir has label identity-based.

Truth claimed and standards of evidence

The approches of the truth not conduisent not toutes to the same practice. HAS approche of correspondance asks if the énoncé s’accorde with the événements or the documents. HAS approche cohérentiste examines its compatibilité with has set of research notes already étayées. HAS approche pragmatiste observe the conséquences of the investigation and the capacity to resist to the criticism. HAS approche herméneutique rappelle that the facts are always décrits since has language, has history and has position. HAS approche pluralist admet that of perspectives différentes can éclairer of dimensions différentes without that toutes the claims become équivalentes.

These approches can be combinées without confuse their functions. The correspondance is centrale for the date of has event; the cohérence compte in has reasoning; the plurality of points of vue is indispensable for repérer the angles morts; the pragmatisme aide to choose has procedure of verification. No not allows of turn has conviction in does without evidence.

The standard of evidence must be proportionate to the énoncé:

HAS forte evidence of has event not prouve not has intention; has intention documented not prouve not that the message has produces the effet allégué; has effect observé not prouve not that each relais connaissait the fausseté. This chaîne must be décomposée.

Fact, interpretation and opinion

HAS phrase can contenir several couches. « HAS vidéo has been publiée the 4 May » is has document de travail of event. « The vidéo shows has manifestation » is has interpretation of images that can exiger lieu, date and comparison. « The manifestation prouve the échec of has political » is has inference causal and normative. « It must changer the political » is has opinion or has recommandation. The rédaction must attribute each couche séparément.

The title, the légende, the selection of has image and the ordre of paragraphes can ajouter has framing that the text nu not contient not. Lire has source, c’est therefore distinguish the document primary, the reporting, the commentaire, the title and the elements visuels. The does that a énoncé soit presented with assurance not changes not its status.

HAS opinion can s’appuyer on of facts; cela not turns not the conclusion in does. Inversement, has reporting that rapporte has statement not garantit not that the statement is vraie. The verbes « affirme », « observe », « establishes », « suggère », « conteste » and « not allows not of conclure » not are not interchangeables.

Testimony, expertise and authority

HAS testimony has has value particulière for describe has experience lived, has interaction or has effect perçu. It not responds not nécessairement to has question of fréquence or of causality. The bonne practice consists to collect the context, to protect the anonymat when the risk the justifie, to not not demander of details identifiants inutiles and to seek of corroborations adaptées.

L’expertise is has skill situated: has juriste not is not automatiquement épidémiologiste, has statisticien not tranche not only has question of right, and has person directement concernée can posséder has knowledge irremplaçable of its experience without be the only source of has generalisation. Examine the method, the data, the conflicts of interests and the limits vaut better that s’en remettre to has prestige.

The authority institutional facilite the access to of data or to has decision, but she not abolit not the besoin of lire the mandat, the procedure, the date, the interests in jeu and the conditions of application. HAS source official can rapporter has position; she not is not by nature has source neutre on all the sujets. HAS source militante can report has problem real; its plaidoyer must be distingué of the evidence of the ampleur or of the causality.

Uncertainty and revision

Uncertainty can venir of has measure imprécise, of has population mal définie, of has access incomplet to the documents, of has traduction, of has memory faillible, of has conflict between sources or of has futur no déterminé. She not is not has faiblesse morale. The make visible aide the lecteur to calibrer its trust.

Each sheet devrait comporter: this that is established; this that is probable or compatible; this that is contesté; what remains unknown; the information that feraient changer of avis; and the date of the prochaine revue. The formulations « to this stade », « according to the source », « under réserve of verification » and « no conclusion causal » must be employées with precision, no as of paravents.

HAS revision not is not has défaite. She must keep the version précédente, the reason of the changement, the source nouvelle or the correction, the auteur of the decision and the date. HAS conclusion can rester ouverte if the data not allow not of trancher.

Misinformation, disinformation and propaganda

The distinction between misinformation and disinformation porte on the intention, that is difficile to establish. HAS partage exact of has content faux can be has erreur; has content tronqué fabriqué for be mistaken can be has opération of disinformation; but the intention not must not be inférée of the only ton, of the belonging political supposée or of the viralité. Use « fausse information » for the content and réserver the qualification of intention to of elements documentés reduces the accusations abusives.

The propaganda can use of facts exacts, of omissions, of symboles, has repetition and has placing in scène. The question useful is: that organises the message, for which objectif, with which resources, which public, which relais and which possibility of contestation? HAS communication gouvernementale, militante or commercial not is not automatiquement of the propaganda; the qualification exige has arrangement identifiable.

The opérations of influence must be étudiées without confuse the message, its origine and its effect. HAS source étrangère can diffuser has information exacte; has actor national can diffuser has information trompeuse. The identity of the émetteur not remplace never the verification of the énoncé.

Manipulation and persuasive techniques

The techniques persuasive are courantes in the journalism, the advertising, the political, the education and the conversation. They become has objet criticism when the context is dissimulé, that the choice is artificiellement restricts, that the emotion remplace the evidence, that the person is ciblée by has data sensitive or that the architecture rend the contestation difficile.

Describe has technique is not sufficient to prouver has manipulation. It must document the mechanism, its access au public, the knowledge of the context by the émetteur when the intention is in cause, and the difference between influence and contrainte.

Censorship, moderation and self-censorship

The censorship refers généralement to has control of expression by has authority, often public; the moderation means more largement the rules and decisions of has service or of has institution on has content, has visibility, has monétisation or has compte. The borders legal dépendent of the context. HAS platform private can exercer has power considérable without that each withdrawal soit legally has censorship of État; inversement, has decision public can be indirecte, by pressure or obligation of withdrawal.

For analyser has restriction, poser au less huit questions: that décide? which rule? which interest legitimate allégué? which basis legal or contractuelle? which need? which proportionality? which transparency? which appeal? HAS restriction of scope must be distinguée of has correction, of has avertissement, of has démonétisation and of has suppression. The remède must be adapté au harm.

L’autocensure can découler of has loi, of has menace, of has perte professionnelle, of has campagne of harassment or of has environment editorial. It not must not the déduire of has silence; it must seek of témoignages, of changements observable, of rules and of mechanisms of sanction, in protégeant the people exposées.

The transparency not means not publish the data personnelles of has modérateur or of has victime. She can take the form of rules accessibles, of statistics agrégées, of decisions motivées, of has appeal, of has audit and of has registre of modifications.

Freedom of expression and its limits

The freedom of expression protects the debate political, the criticism of gouvernants, the expression artistique, the research, the satire and the opinions impopulaires. She protects also the possibility of itself be mistaken, under réserve of rules and responsibilities applicables. This principle rend the disagreement legitimate; it not rend not any parole exacte, nor all behaviour without conséquence.

The limits can concern, according to the right applicable, the menace, the incitement to the violence or to the discrimination, the diffamation, the atteinte to the life private, the protection of mineurs, the secret protégé, the procès équitable or the security. The test must be légal, poursuivre has but legitimate, be necessary and proportionate. The texts of the Convention European, of the Pacte international and the resources of the Council of Europe and of the HCDH must be consulted in their version official before any qualification [S01–S04].

HAS offense, has fausseté, has criticism sévère, has discrimination, has menace and has incitement not are not of synonymes. The réaction editorial or legal must examine the mots exacts, the target, the context, the probabilité and the gravité of the harm, the position of the orateur, the scope of the diffusion and the voies less restrictives.

The dossier not énonce not has rule unique for toutes the jurisdictions. The exceptions, the seuils and the appeal diffèrent; the research must citer the norm local and indicate that the interprète.

Public interest and private harm

The interest public not itself confond not with the curiosité of the public. It can justifier the examen of has decision, of has abuses of power, of has danger collectif, of the usage of fonds audiences or of has information necessary to has choice democratic. The life private, the security and the dignité remain pertinentes same lorsqu’une person is known or that a does is vrai.

Before publication, assess: the need of the information; the quality of evidence; the contribution au debate; the risk of identification; the vulnérabilité of the person; the possibility of withdraw has detail; the right of reply; and the proportion between benefit public and harm prévisible. HAS adresse, has identifiant, has photo or has detail familial can be inutile to the argument all in facilitant the harassment.

The truth of has does not autorise not automatiquement its republication. The right, the codes professionnels, the conditions of consentement and the risk of préjudice must be examinés séparément of the question « is-this vrai? ».

Journalism, science, education and democratic debate

The journalism organises of information for has public and must distinguish reporting, commentaire, analysis, title and correction. The science produces of knowledge révisables by of methods explicit; she not garantit not the infaillibilité of has article isolé. Education apprend to interroger the sources, to argumenter and to recognise the uncertainty; she not must not impose has conclusion under couvert of esprit criticism. The debate democratic allows of choose between of values and of political, but it has besoin of bases factuelles partageables.

These institutions have of functions différentes. HAS study not remplace not has judgment of value; has tribune not remplace not has revue of data; has statement political not remplace not has document administratif; has fact-checking not décide not to lui only of the political public. The collaborations between institutions can améliorer the information, but they must déclarer their mandat, their financement, their method and their conflicts.

The pluralism asks more that two opinions juxtaposées: it must examine the quality of evidence, the voix absentes, the minorités affectées and the reports of power. L’équilibre not is not has symétrie mécanique between has claim étayée and has claim no étayée; c’est has representation honnête of the degré of evidence and of the disagreement real.

Digital platforms and information quality

The platforms influencent this that is visible by the recommandation, the research, the personnalisation, the advertising, the signaux of engagement and the vitesse of circulation. HAS platform not is not only has tuyau, but the importance exacte of its role varie according to the service and the content. It must therefore examine the rules, the interfaces, the data disponibles, the audiences, the markets and the practices of appeal.

The viralité not measure nor the truth nor the importance. HAS content can be many partagé parce that il is émotionnel, coordonné, useful, satirique or simplement surprenant. HAS faible visibility can refléter has audience limitée, has moderation, has access payant or the absence of intérêt, not has evidence of fiabilité.

HAS research can code: the presence of has source primary; the correction of has erreur; the date and the placing to jour; the gender; the appel au partage; the transparency publicitaire; the context ajouté by the platform; the possibility of appel; and the persistance of the version corrected. The data of platforms are often incomplètes or propriétaires. The limits of access must be publiées [S05–S10].

How to assess has claim

1. Isoler the énoncé: the recopier without the reformuler of façon more forte, then identifier the auteur, the date, the language and the context.
2. Classer the registre: does, testimony, interpretation, opinion, hypothesis, prédiction, satire or accusation.
3. Define the terms: population, period, lieu, unit, seuil and sens of « prouver », « majorité », « always » or « never ».
4. Retrouver the source primary: decision, jeu of data, publication, vidéo intégrale, statement originale or registre, and no only has reprise.
5. Contrôler the provenance: auteur, mandat, method, financement, date, version, traduction and possible correction.
6. Seek the contradiction: source independent, cases opposite, result nul, limit methodological or interpretation competing.
7. Assess the scope: the elements étayent-ils the event, the fréquence, the causality or the intention?
8. Calibrer the langage: established, étayé, compatible, contesté, no verifiable or réfuté; expliquer the choice.
9. Assess the risk: anonymiser, withdraw has detail or suspendre if the publication expose has person without interest public suffisant.
10. Archiver the decision: links, copies autorisées, access date, notes, corrections and date of revue.

HAS verdict binaire can be useful for has question étroite, but it becomes trompeur lorsqu’il gives the impression that a source entière is « vraie » or « fausse ». The result must porter on the énoncé precise.

Source triangulation

Trianguler not is not additionner of links. It is about of compares of sources that apportent of access or of methods réellement distincts. Trois articles that reprennent has same dispatch not are not trois confirmations indépendantes. HAS decision official, has data administrative, has entretien and has observation of terrain can itself compléter, but ils not mesurent not the same objet.

The triangulation must keep the disagreements. HAS contradiction can venir of populations, of dates or of definitions différentes; it must the expliquer before of choose has camp.

Causal inference

Dire that HAS has causé B is more fort that dire that HAS and B are associés or that B has suivi HAS. HAS causality plausible exige au minimum has chronologie, has mechanism and has comparison that rende crédible this that itself would be produces without HAS. The biais of selection, the variables omises, the causality inverse, the changements simultanés and the erreur of measure must be envisagés.

The methods possible — experience, quasi-experience, série temporelle, comparison of cases, investigation qualitative, analysis statistical — répondent to of questions différentes. No not rend automatiquement has conclusion certaine. HAS result nul can refléter has absence of effet or has puissance insuffisante; has result associé can refléter has facteur commun. The hypotheses competing must be explicit.

In has article or has debate, repérer the glissements: « after » becomes « to cause of »; has cases becomes « the gens »; has corrélation becomes has intention; has tendance becomes has prédiction. The formulation must refléter the design réellement used.

Correction and retraction

HAS correction concerns has erreur identifiable and keeps the lisibilité of the version antérieure. HAS placing to jour ajoute has information nouvelle. HAS retraction or has withdrawal is réservé to has problem suffisamment grave for make the publication no fiable or dangereuse, according to has procedure announced. HAS disagreement political is not sufficient.

Each correction devrait indicate: the passage concerné; the erreur; the formulation corrected; the source or the reasoning; the date; the responsible of the validation; and the incidence on the conclusion. If the erreur has circulé, the correction must be rendue visible in the canaux pertinents without republier inutilement the content dommageable.

The withdrawal temporary is has measure of safeguard, not has disparition silencieuse. HAS notice minimale can expliquer that a verification is in cours, preserve the elements of audit and set has decision of réactivation, of correction or of withdrawal définitif.

Case-study method

HAS cases is useful for observer of mechanisms, not for represent automatiquement has population. The protocol suivant is recommandé: (1) define the unité and the period; (2) exposer the motif of inclusion; (3) build has chronologie with documents datés; (4) separate facts, témoignages and interprétations; (5) contacter the people or institutions mises in cause; (6) document the explanations alternatives; (7) assess the harms of publication; (8) soumettre the version to has review independent; (9) publish the limits; (10) set has date of review.

HAS second cases hypothetical can porter on has vidéo presented as has evidence of has event. The vérifications portent on the original, the date, the lieu, the métadonnées disponibles, the images antérieures, the témoins and the documents indépendants. On not publishes not of data of localisation or of identity that faciliterait the harassment. The cases not becomes not has evidence générale on has group.

Comparative matrix of coding

The matrix ci-dessous serves to code of articles, decisions or publications. She not produces not has judgment automatique; she rend comparables of choice that must be relus.

Research hypotheses

The research notes suivantes are of hypotheses, no of results:

1. The articles that refer to has document primary and describe their limits allow more often has verification independent that the articles that not give that a attribution générale.
2. The visibility of has content depends of its framing émotionnel and of its network of diffusion, not only of its quality factuelle.
3. HAS rule of moderation accessible, motivée and accompanied of has appeal reduces the uncertainty of users more that a rule générale without justification.
4. The corrections visibles améliorent the calibration of the trust lorsqu’elles expliquent the erreur without effacer the historical.
5. The readers distinguish less bien does, interpretation and opinion when the title or the visuels utilisent has registre affirmatif différent of the text.
6. The research of sources opposées révèle of disagreements of definition more often that elle not produces has simple partage between two camps.
7. The risks of réputation and of harassment augmentent when of details identifiants are combinés, same if each detail isolé semble public.

For each hypothesis, pré-enregistrer the unité of analysis, the result attendu, the result nul possible, the variables, the method, the exclusions and the plan of revision.

Press and institutional corpus

The corpus is équilibré by functions and langues, no by has prétendue neutralité automatique. The institutions give access to of norms, mandats and documents; the agences and media relatent of événements; the analyses and opinions proposent of cadres. Each élément must be recodé according to its gender, its level of evidence and its link with the sources primary.

Institutions and organisations of reference: Council of Europe and Court European of rights of the homme; HCDH; UNESCO; Commission European; OSCE; OCDE; Reuters Institute. Press and agences francophones: The Monde, The Figaro, Libération, France 24. Press and agences anglophones or internationales: BBC, The Guardian, Reuters, Financial Times, The New York Times, Associated Press, Politico Europe and Deutsche Welle.

Étiquettes of corpus: « official / institutional » for has norm, has decision, has report or has data émis by has institution; « information rapportée » for has reporting or has dispatch; « analysis » for has placing in context argumentée; « opinion » for has tribune, has editorial or has commentaire; « cadre éditorial — context internal » for the framework of project, that not constitue never has source factuelle. HAS same publication can contenir several genres: code alors the passage and no only the name of the media.

The corpus not is not has liste of evidence and not must not be compté as has sondage of opinions. HAS selection finale devra choose of articles precise, verify their titres, auteurs, dates and links, retrouver the documents cités, keep the dates of access and déclarer the éventuels paywalls, traductions, reprises or corrections.

How use and lire this corpus

1. Compares the framing: which problem, which cause and which solution become visibles?
2. Separate the facts of the interpretation: attribute each phrase and repérer the verbes of certitude.
3. Verify the documents primary and the data official before of reprendre has chiffre or has citation.
4. Noter the date of publication and the access date; keep the version and the corrections autorisées.
5. Not not traiter has only article as has evidence; not not compter several reprises of has same dispatch as of confirmations indépendantes.
6. Seek of points of vue opposés, minoritaires and directement concernés, without fabriquer has symétrie when the evidence are asymétriques.
7. Distinguish the reporting of the title, of the légende, of the editorial and of the commentaire; the title not is not always has synthèse exacte of the article.
8. Relever the definitions, the dénominateur, the period, the exclusions, the no-reply and the limits.

The bibliography jointe indicates the type of source and the usage prudent attendu. In the absence of consultation web, toutes the URL nécessitent has verification before publication.

Safeguards editorial, right of reply, corrections and transparency

Questions neutres and testable. Rédiger has question that could recevoir has reply positive, négative or indéterminée; not not attribute has mobile before of have of elements; distinguish criticism of has idée and attaque of has person.

Exclusions. Rejeter has dossier fondé on has only rumeur, has source inaccessible and no corroborée, has inference psychological, has generalisation identity-based, has data private, has accusation no verified or has detail facilitant the harassment. Interdire the langage hateful and dehumanising.

Right of reply. Contacter the people or institutions directement mises in cause with of questions précises, has delay raisonnable and has adresse of reply no public. Publish the reply substantielle, report has refus or has absence of reply, and not not present this absence as has aveu.

Log of corrections. Keep numéro, date, passage, erreur, source of correction, decision, responsible and incidence. The corrections importantes remain visibles. Registre of rights of source. Keep URL, title, auteur, date, licence or conditions of usage, copie or archive autorisée, status of access and restrictions of reproduction.

Piste of audit. Keep the requêtes, versions, criteria of inclusion, exclusions, decisions of coding, traductions, relectures and changements of method. Withdrawal temporary. Suspendre the access lorsqu’une erreur grave, has risk of security or has contestation documented the exige; publish has notice minimale, keep the traces and decide réactivation, correction or withdrawal after verification.

Review independent and conflicts. HAS person extérieure to the rédaction relit the cases sensitive, the matrix and the qualifications legal. Déclarer financements, links institutional, engagements and access privilégié; appliquer has rule of récusation. Reassessment. Programmer has revue au 16 August 2027, or more tôt if has source primary, has decision or has correction majeure modifie the dossier.

FAQ

HAS information fausse is-she always of the disinformation?

No. The content can be faux without that the intention of be mistaken soit établie. Use has qualification of intention only if of elements documentés the support.

The freedom of expression protects-t-she the mensonge?

She protects largement the possibility of parler, criticise and itself be mistaken, but the responsibilities and limits prévues by the right can s’appliquer. The reply depends of the content, of the context, of the harm, of the juridiction and of the proportionality.

HAS platform that retire has content practice-t-she the censorship?

The mot asks has analysis of the authority, of the rule and of the framework legal. HAS moderation private, has obligation public, has pressure informelle and has withdrawal volontaire not are not identiques.

Two sources that itself contredisent prouvent-they that the truth is impossible?

Not nécessairement. They can parler of populations, dates or definitions différentes, or the a can be better étayée. It must compares the methods and keep the uncertainty if the disagreement persiste.

How traiter has testimony isolé?

The take au seriously as narrative of experience, protect the person, seek the corroborations adaptées and avoid of the turn in fréquence or evidence générale.

Can-on publish has accusation vraie?

The véracité alléguée is not sufficient to résoudre the life private, the réputation, the security, the right of reply and the intérêt public. It must minimiser the details and assess the harm prévisible.

That do lorsqu’une page is inaccessible?

The report as no verified, not not lui attribute of content precise, seek has source primary accessible and not not fonder only has dossier on she.

Conclusion

The freedom of expression and the research of truth not are not of objectifs ennemis. The first protects the contestation whose the seconde has besoin; the seconde fournit of methods for that the contestation not soit not remplacée by the accusation, the rumeur or the authority nue. The disagreement protégé demeure possible same when the on exige of evidence for the facts and of the prudence for the intentions.

The discernment is has discipline collective: define, attribute, verify, compares, contextualiser, calibrer, protect, correct and réexaminer. She not promet not has neutralité parfaite. She rend rather the positions, the limits and the erreurs more visibles and therefore more contestables.

The dossier must rester has instrument of work. Any conclusion substantielle on has event, has person or has political devra be construite to partir of documents precise, of réponses sollicitées and of has trace of audit, then revue to the lumière of nouvelles information.

Prochaines steps of research

1. Fournir the pages actuelles of the Site Struggle For Free Speech and carry out has table of conformité between their methods and this dossier.
2. Verify each URL of the bibliography, relever the title exact, the auteur, the date, the gender and the status of access.
3. Select has corpus daté of articles and of documents primary, with of sources françaises and anglaises and has traçabilité of reprises.
4. Pré-enregistrer the plan of coding, carry out has double coding of has under-sample and document the disagreements.
5. Test the procedure of right of reply, of correction and of withdrawal temporary on the cases hypothetical uniquement.
6. Do has review legal and has review of security; minimiser the data and contrôler the links.
7. Publish the log of corrections, the registre of rights of source and the audit of versions.
8. Réexaminer the dossier to the date fixe of the 16 August 2027.

Bibliography and sources

Status documentary. Version produite the 16 August 2026 hors ligne. The pages not have not been consultées in cet environment: each URL is has point of entry to check before publication. No article precise, auteur, date of article, citation or statistical no verified not is presented as evidence.

Coding of genres: official / institutional; information rapportée; analysis; opinion. The context cadre éditorial is has category internal séparée and no has source factuelle. When of the verification, enregistrer title exact, auteur, date of publication, access date, language, gender, URL canonique, version, document primary, conditions of reproduction, corrections and possible paywall.

S01 — Council of Europe — Freedom of expression

Type: Institutional
Link: https://www.coe.int/in/web/freedom-expression — to check before publication
Annotation: Portail thématique on the freedom of expression, the norms and the resources of the Council of Europe. TO use for retrouver the text or the document precise, no as substitut to has reading legal.

S02 — Court European of rights of the homme

Type: Institutional / juridictionnel
Link: https://www.echr.coe.int/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Point of entry of the Court and of its documents. Verify the decision, the date, the language and the paragraphes exacts before any citation.

S03 — HCDH — Rapporteur spécial on the freedom of opinion and of expression

Type: Institutional ONU
Link: https://www.ohchr.org/in/special-procedures/sr-freedom-of-opinion-and-expression — to check before publication
Annotation: Ressource of the mandat onusien on the freedom of opinion and of expression. Distinguish report, communiqué, position and norm legal.

S04 — HCDH — Freedom of religion or of conviction

Type: Institutional ONU
Link: https://www.ohchr.org/in/special-procedures/sr-religion-or-belief — to check before publication
Annotation: Point of entry of the mandat consacré to the freedom of religion or of conviction. The conclusions must be rapportées since the document exact and its context.

S05 — UNESCO — Education to the media and to the information

Type: Institutional
Link: https://www.unesco.org/in/media-information-literacy — to check before publication
Annotation: Resources on the skills necessary for seek, assess and produce of the information. Verify the version, the method and the public visé.

S06 — Commission European — Democracy and disinformation

Type: Institutional UE
Link: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/new-push-european-democracy_in — to check before publication
Annotation: Portail of political européennes liées to the democracy and to the intégrité of the space informationnel. Distinguish communication political, right in vigueur and assessment.

S07 — OSCE — Représentant for the freedom of media

Type: Institutional intergouvernemental
Link: https://www.osce.org/representative-on-freedom-of-the-media — to check before publication
Annotation: Resources on the freedom of media and the conditions of the journalism. Verify the mandat and the document invoqué.

S08 — OCDE

Type: Institutional / analysis
Link: https://www.oecd.org/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Portail of reports and of data comparative, in particular on the political public and the trust. Any utilisation exige the definition, the method and the period of the report retenu.

S09 — Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism

Type: Research / institut
Link: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Work and reports on the information, the audiences and the journalism. Distinguish study, commentaire and résumé of press; verify the methodology.

S10 — ARCOM

Type: Institutional French
Link: https://www.arcom.fr/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Authority French and resources on the media, the platforms and the regulation. Identifier the skill and the text applicable before any conclusion legal.

S11 — The Monde

Type: Press French
Link: https://www.lemonde.fr/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Source of press to code according to the gender: reporting, analysis, editorial, opinion or verification. Select has article precise and retrouver its sources.

S12 — The Figaro

Type: Press French
Link: https://www.lefigaro.fr/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Point of entry for compares of cadrages éditoriaux and of reportages. Not not confuse the ligne editorial and the evidence of has article déterminé.

S13 — Libération

Type: Press French
Link: https://www.liberation.fr/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Source of press French to code by article and by gender. Verify title, auteur, date, sources and éventuelles mises to jour.

S14 — France 24

Type: Press internationale francophone
Link: https://www.france24.com/fr/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Media of information multilingue. Verify the édition, the format, the part of reprise and the documents cités.

S15 — BBC News

Type: Press anglophone
Link: https://www.bbc.com/news — to check before publication
Annotation: Source of information and of explication in anglais. Distinguish reporting, analysis, vidéo and page of context.

S16 — The Guardian

Type: Press anglophone
Link: https://www.theguardian.com/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Source of reporting, analysis and opinion. Étiqueter the commentaires and verify the links towards the documents primary.

S17 — Reuters

Type: Agence of press
Link: https://www.reuters.com/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Agence to use for retrouver has dispatch precise and its mises to jour. Several reprises of has same dispatch not constituent not of confirmations indépendantes.

S18 — Financial Times

Type: Press economic anglophone
Link: https://www.ft.com/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Source of information and of analysis economic. Verify the access, the gender, the auteur and the data original.

S19 — The New York Times

Type: Press anglophone
Link: https://www.nytimes.com/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Source of press and of analysis internationale. Verify the article exact, the éventuels content of opinion and the document primary.

S20 — Associated Press

Type: Agence of press
Link: https://apnews.com/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Agence of information. Verify the dispatch, the date, the corrections and the distinction between reporting and analysis.

S21 — Politico Europe

Type: Press political European
Link: https://www.politico.eu/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Source of information and of analysis political European. The texts officiels cités must be retrouvés and lus séparément.

S22 — Deutsche Welle

Type: Media international
Link: https://www.dw.com/ — to check before publication
Annotation: Media international with éditions multilingues. Verify the language, the format, the gender and the provenance of claims.