Identity, Racism and Anti-Racism

Identity, Racism and Anti-Racism

Version / access date: 16 August 2026
Status: research dossier and method; investigation not completed
Internal context used: cadre éditorial only
Working language: French; titres original retained in the references

Reading note. « Identity », « racisme » and « antiracisme » are of objets historical, sociaux, legal and political contestés. The title organises the dossier; it does not constitute has conclusion on has person, has group, has institution, has countries or has mouvement. HAS désignation of racisme exige of terms définis, has unit of analysis and of elements verifiable. The disagreement with has political not is not automatiquement of the racisme.

4. Central question

Under what conditions has identity catégorisée, has rule or has practice produces-she has traitement différencié or has exclusion pouvant be décrite as raciste, and how assess of façon pluralist the political antiracistes, their effects, their limits and their risks democratic?

Secondary questions:

• That produces the category of identity, for which objectif and with which safeguards?
• The phénomène étudié is-it has préjugé, has act, has rule, has effect, has discours, has representation or has mechanism historical?
• Which evidence distinguish intention, traitement, effect and context?
• Which explanations no raciales or competing must be testées?
• The political étudiée protects-t-she has right, corrige-t-she has access, modifie-t-she has procedure, turns-t-she of représentations or combine-t-she these objectifs?
• Which are the results définis to the avance, for which population and on which period?
• Which costs, effects secondaires and risks for the freedom of expression, the life private, the security and the equality of traitement must be examinés?

5. Definitions and terminology

The definitions below are working definitions. They must be fixées before the coding, conservées in has codebook versionné and adaptées au right and au context étudiés.

6. Identity and classification

6.1 HAS category is has relationship, not has essence

HAS person can have several identities, the hiérarchiser différemment according to the situations or refuser has category proposée. The categories can be auto-déclarées, attribuées by autrui, produites by has institution or construites for has research. HAS bonne sheet of data indicates the source of the category, the question posée, the options disponibles, the possibility of reply ouverte, the no-réponses and the rules of confidentialité.

The researcher must distinguish the identity lived, the origine familiale, the nationalité, the citizenship, the language, the religion, the apparence perçue, the lieu of naissance and the category racialisée. These variables can be liées in has context without be substituables. Use « community » au singulier can masquer the disagreements internes, the differences of classe, of gender, of âge, of status legal, of trajectory and of position political.

6.2 Classer can protect or exposer

The collecte of has category can make has gap visible, allow has appeal, mesurer has political or identifier has under-representation. She can also increase the risks of réidentification, of stigmatisation, of tri administratif or of usage secondaire no consenti. HAS decision of collecte must therefore specify its need, its basis legal, its minimisation, its access, its durée of conservation, the protections and the possibility of not not respond.

L'absence of data not establishes nor the absence of discrimination nor its presence. HAS investigation qualitative, has observation of procedures, of decisions anonymisées, of tests of situation, of data of appeal or of entretiens can document has mechanism without classer any has population. Each method has its biais; the transparency on the limits vaut better that a fausse precision.

6.3 Not not essentialiser

Avoid the phrases that transforment has distribution mesurée in has context in ownership of the group: « the X are… », « this culture pense… », « this religion veut… ». Describe rather the unité observée: people interrogées, dossiers traités, content codés, decisions rendues or participants to has programme. Not never use has identity for prédire the moralité, the dangerosité, the skill or the intentions of has individual.

7. History and context institutional

The forms of classification raciale and ethnique have varié according to the States, the empires, the regimes of citizenship, the migrations, the borders, the recensements and the institutions. HAS history pertinente not seeks not has origine unique to all the phénomènes contemporains. She reconstitue categories and the rules utilisées to has period data, the groups affectés, the contestations, the réformes and the continuités documentées.

The context institutional comprend the right of the equality, the autorités indépendantes, the tribunaux, the services audiences, the établissements scolaires, the employeurs, the media, the associations and the movements. The roles diffèrent: has traité or has decision judiciaire not has not the same status that a recommandation, has report of agence, has investigation journalistique or has editorial. Any source must be étiquetée according to its function.

The sources institutionnelles internationales can fournir of norms, of definitions, of guides of collecte or of recommandations. They not are not automatiquement of evidence of has effect in each countries. The Council of Europe, the Court European of rights of the homme, the HCDH, the UNESCO, the Commission European, the FRA, the OSCE/ODIHR and the OCDE are listés here as points of entry to verify.

8. Mechanisms of the racisme and of the discrimination

8.1 Préjugé and behaviour

HAS préjugé is has attitude or has belief; has discrimination is has traitement or has effect; has discours racialisé is has content; has harm is has conséquence. These levels can itself rejoindre but not must not be fusionnés. HAS investigation can mesurer of attitudes déclarées, observer of decisions, analyser of texts or compares of results; each opération responds to has question différente.

8.2 Decision, rule and effect

For has decision individual, relever the offers or the right demandé, the criteria connus, the information disponibles au décideur, the procedure, the traitement of comparateurs pertinents and the alternatives. For has rule, examine its formulation, its objectif, its placing in œuvre, the exceptions, the contrôles and its effects différenciés. For has effect structural, document the chronologie and the interaction of several institutions rather that seek has responsible unique.

8.3 Racialisation and borders of group

The racialisation describes has processus by lequel has difference is rendue socially meaningful, associée to has category and liée to of resources, of risks or has hierarchy. The term not suppose not that the category soit naturelle nor that toutes the people the subissent of the same façon. It must be appliqué to of discours, institutions or practices identifiables, with of evidence and of against-exemples sought.

8.4 Discrimination cumulative and access

Of petits gaps to several steps can s'additionner: information, candidature, entretien, orientation, control, sanction, appeal. This hypothesis must be testée by has chaîne of decisions and no by the only difference finale. The cumul can also résulter of selection, of autosélection, of éloignement geographical, of resources, of language or of other facteurs. The protocol must the mesurer or recognise that il not can not the separate.

9. Levels individual, institutional and structural

HAS same situation can be étudiée to the trois levels, but has evidence to has level not vaut not automatiquement for the two other. Describe has decision individual not prouve not the culture entière of has organisation; observer has gap institutional not prouve not the intention of each agent; proposes has explanation structural not autorise not to abandonner the research of mechanisms precise.

10. Instruments of political antiraciste

The instruments can be combinés, but their objectifs and indicators must rester distincts.

1. Prévention and interdiction: rules of equality of traitement, procedures disciplinaires, obligations of no-discrimination and mechanisms of signalement. Examine the clarté, the access, the safeguards and the application.
2. Appeal and réparation: médiation, autorités indépendantes, tribunaux, accompagnement, indemnisation or changement of decision. Mesurer the accessibility, the délais, the costs and the security of people.
3. Revision of procedures: audit of formulaires, criteria, algorithms, contrôles, recrutement and markets audiences. HAS audit must publish its method, its limits and the actions correctives.
4. Equality of access: information, soutien linguistique, accessibility, accompagnement and reduction of obstacles. Not not confuse access proposed and use real.
5. Action ciblée or affirmative: measures visant has under-representation or has désavantage défini, in the limits of the right applicable. Specify the target, the durée, the criteria of sortie and the évaluation.
6. Education and formation: programmes scolaires, formation professionnelle, teaching of the history and skills of médiation. Not not conclure to has changement of attitude without measure appropriée and suivi.
7. Representation and participation: consultation, co-design, diversity of équipes and access to the parole. The presence of has person not represents not automatiquement any has category.
8. Soutien and security: aide to the people affectées, moderation protectrice and prévention of the harassment. Avoid the publication of details permettant has targeting.
9. Data and transparency: indicators désagrégés, anonymisés and finalisés. Document the risks of collecte and categories manquantes.

HAS political antiraciste not must not be évaluée uniquement by its intention declared or its vocabulaire. The sheet of évaluation indicates the population concernée, the intervention, the comparateur, the results attendus, the effects négatifs, the calendrier, the governance and the voies of contestation.

11. Right of the equality and political public

The right can distinguish discrimination directe and indirecte, harassment, incitement, discours of haine, equality devant the service, devoir of justification, protection of data and appeal. The definitions, exceptions and seuils of evidence varient. HAS analysis legal must identifier the juridiction, the text applicable, the date, the authority compétente, the status of the decision and the voies of appeal; has slogan political not remplace not this analysis.

The freedom of expression, the life private, the no-discrimination, the security and the dignité can entrer in tension. HAS measure of lutte against the discrimination must be accessible, prévisible, necessary to has objectif legitimate and proportionate according to the framework applicable. She must provide has procedure, has motivation, has control and has possibility of contestation. The bonne question not is not « the programme is-it antiraciste? » but « which right protects-t-it, by which means, with which safeguards and what effects observable? »

For the France and Europe, consulter the Défenseure of rights, Légifrance, the Council of Europe, the CEDH and the resources of the Commission European on the racisme and the xénophobie. These pages are of points of entry; verify the text precise and its version before of formulate has claim of right.

12. Education and employment

TO the école, the analyse can porter on the access, the orientation, the sanctions, the programmes, the climat, the resources, the attentes and the réponses to the signalements. HAS gap of parcours not allows not of choose automatiquement between discrimination, resources, selection antérieure, context familial, territory, santé, language or other mechanisms. HAS test seriously préenregistre the variables, compares of situations pertinentes and protects the élèves.

In the employment, distinguish recrutement, salaire, promotion, conditions of work, assessment, licenciement and access to the formation. The audits by candidatures comparables can study has étape, but not describe not any has carrière; the data administratives can couvrir of nombreux cases but laisser invisibles the candidatures no déposées and the experiments no signalées. The categories utilisées must be licites, necessary and protégées.

HAS political of diversity must specify if she vise the vivier, the procedure, the climat, the representation, the rétention or the results. The representation descriptive not is not identique to the representation of interests, and has person not must never be loaded of parler au name of toutes celles that lui ressemblent. The formations seules must be évaluées with prudence: participation, satisfaction, knowledge, behaviour and results organisationnels are of indicators différents.

13. Police, justice and services audiences

The police, the justice, the santé, the housing, the protection social and the administration exercent of powers and distribute of resources; the safeguards of procedure are therefore essentielles. HAS analysis documents the rule, the discrétion, the selection of cases, the contrôles, the appeal, the data manquantes and the effects on the people. She protects the plaignants, the agents and the tiers against the exposure inutile.

Of differences of control, of arrestation, of sanction, of access to the soins or of delay can have several explanations. For study has discrimination, compares of situations legally and factuellement pertinentes, contrôler the criteria of selection connus, examine the instructions and the placing in œuvre, and distinguish the fréquence brute of the probabilité conditionnelle. HAS result agrégé not must not be presented as has ownership of has group.

The programmes of lutte against the biais must be examinés according to their théorie of the changement. S'ils modifient the formation but not the supervision, the criteria, the incentives or the mechanisms of plainte, the effet attendu can be limité; this phrase is has hypothesis to test, no has result established here. The contrôles of légalité and of proportionality s'appliquent also to the arrangements conçus for reduce the discriminations.

14. Representation media and production cultural

The representation is neither has miroir neutre nor has evidence automatique of has effect on the audiences. For has œuvre or has article, code the people visibles, their roles, their paroles, their agentivité, the causes attribuées, the vocabulaire, the images, the absences and the gender editorial. Distinguish the content produces by has rédaction, has agence, has source citée, has advertising, has œuvre of fiction or has user.

L'analyse of cadrages can demander: which problem is défini? that is presented as cause? which values are mobilised? which solutions are rendues pensables? that is absent or reduces to has category? These codes describe has text or has set of texts; ils not démontrent not has belief of the auteur, has effect on all the lecteurs or has intention of nuire.

For compares of media French and anglophones, retenir of articles precise, of same period and of gender comparable. Noter the language, the traduction, the édition, the placing to jour, the links towards the sources and the corrections. Not not déduire the ligne entière of has article isolé and not not confuse choice of framing, erreur, propaganda and haine without evidence of mechanisms pertinents.

15. Data, measure and inference causal

15.1 Define the result

HAS result must be observable: decision, delay, access, plainte, representation, sentiment déclaré, score of knowledge, fréquence of has term, part of has corpus or changement of procedure. The question indicates the unité, the dénominateur, the period and the level of uncertainty. HAS moyenne can cacher of ader-groups, and has proportion not dit rien without connaître the processus of selection.

15.2 Separate gap and discrimination

HAS gap between groups is has signal of research, not has conclusion. For test has discrimination, examine the comparateurs pertinents, the variables of context, the selection, the measure of the exposure, the decision and the explanations alternatives. The variables of control not are not neutres: in contrôler has can masquer has mechanism or create has biais. The protocol must expliquer the choice.

15.3 Causality

HAS inference causal asks has chronologie, has intervention or exposure définie, has result, has comparateur crédible and of hypotheses on the facteurs confondants. HAS corrélation between identity and result not prouve nor has act raciste nor has cause structural. HAS study of cases can establish has mechanism documenté without estimer has effect général. HAS investigation transversale can describe has association, without démontrer the ordre temporel.

15.4 Confidentialité and quality

The data sensitive must be minimisées, agrégées and sécurisées. Describe the no-réponses, the attrition, the pondération, categories inconnues, the marge of erreur and the quality of measures. HAS chiffre without definition of its population and of its collecte can be more trompeur that a description qualitative prudente. The dossier not fournit no statistical of result own to has countries or to has group.

16. Intersectionnalité: has document de travail analytique to define

L'intersectionnalité is here traitée as has document de travail analytique: several reports of power or categories can itself combiner of way no réductible to their addition séparée in has situation data. For the use, it must define the dimensions, the unité, the mechanism, the comparison and the result. « Intersectionnel » not must not devenir has label that rend any objection impossible.

HAS study can compares, by exemple, has dimension of racialisation with the gender, the classe, the âge, the handicap, the status migratory, the religion or the language. She must avoid of multiplier the cellules au point of perdre any precision and of produce of conclusions on of échantillons minuscules. The categories not are not always commensurables and their combinaison can changer of sens according to the context.

The question testable is: the effet observé for has combinaison of caractéristiques diffère-t-it of this that prédit has model additif or of has comparison pertinente, and by which mechanism? It must also examine the selection, the data manquantes, the interactions and the explanations no intersectionnelles. HAS experience lived can guider the question; she not remplace not the protocol of evidence.

17. Freedom of expression, criticism and limits of the discours of haine

The criticism of has political, of has institution, of has ideology, of has religion, of has mouvement or of has person public not is not automatiquement raciste. HAS accusation of racisme must distinguish the sujet critiqué, the mots employés, the target, the context, the repetition, the appel to the exclusion or to the violence, the effet prévisible and the rule legal applicable. HAS formulation dure can be légale; has formulation apparemment codée can exiger has examen of context; no raccourci lexical not dispense of evidence.

The « discours of haine » not has not has definition unique in all the systems. For has analysis European or internationale, identifier the text, the seuil, the authority, the juridiction, the procedure and the safeguards. The Guide of the CEDH on the article 10, the Council of Europe, the HCDH and the OSCE are of points of entry to verify.

The political antiracistes must avoid of criminaliser the research, the satire, the disagreement or the dénonciation legitimate. They must also protect against the menaces, the incitement to the violence, the harassment ciblé and the déshumanisation when the framework applicable the vise. The publication of has content offensant can amplifier has harm; it must therefore appliquer the principle of need, publish the minimum useful, contextualiser and not not reproduce of details of targeting.

18. Benefits democratic and risks of programmes antiracistes

Benefits possible

• make accessibles of appeal and of services auparavant mal connus;
• better détecter of obstacles or of traitements différenciés;
• améliorer the representation of experiments in the decision public;
• prévenir the harassment and protect the participation civic;
• enseigner has history documented and the capacity to distinguish evidence, préjugé and propaganda;
• increase the redevabilité by of audits, of corrections and of data transparentes.

These benefits are of objectifs plausibles, not of effects garantis. Ils must be mesurés without exposer the people.

Risks possible

• replace has category of exclusion by has essentialisation nouvelle;
• traiter has identity as has evidence of vertu, of culpabilité or of authority;
• collecter of data sensitive without need or the réutiliser against the people;
• confuse disagreement, erreur, criticism and discours of haine;
• impose has orthodoxie that décourage the research or the contestation;
• produce of formations symboliques without changer the decisions;
• make invisibles of groups minoritaires au sein of has category large;
• surinterpréter has gap or has testimony isolé;
• transférer has decision to has algorithme no auditable;
• alimenter has polarisation that reduces the coopération.

HAS political democratic must publish its théorie of the changement, its criteria of succès and of échec, its mechanisms of appeal, its costs, its effects on the tiers and its date of reassessment. The criticism argumentée of the programme must rester possible.

19. Explanations competing and against-arguments

HAS analysis ouverte builds has liste of explanations that can produce the same result: differences of resources, âge, secteur, lieu, language, access to the information, selection, preferences, context economic, rules of security, history administrative, behaviour stratégique, erreur of measure or discrimination. The retenir not means not the considérer also probables; cela means specify the observations that the distingueraient.

The against-arguments suivants must be traités without caricature:

20. Case-study method

The cases real not are publiables that after validation of the protocol and revue of risks. HAS cases hypothetical can test the grille without identifier of person, of lieu sensitive or of organisation.

1. Question and unit. Define the decision, the content, the procedure or the political étudiée; avoid has question that contient already the verdict.
2. Population and period. Set that is included, that not the is not, the period, the juridiction and the reason of these limits.
3. Pré-enregistrement. Écrire the criteria of inclusion, variables, hypotheses, comparateurs, exceptions and rules of arrêt before the collecte.
4. Sources primary. Collect texts officiels, rules, decisions, data, versions datées and témoignages obtenus légalement. HAS reprise media not remplace not the source primary.
5. Triangulation. Compares au less two types of sources and seek has version contradictoire or minoritaire; noter the disagreements no résolus.
6. Protection. Anonymiser, withdraw the coordonnées, avoid the details of targeting, sécuriser the fichiers and solliciter has right of reply proportionate.
7. Coding in double. Do code has partie of the corpus by two people, keep the divergences and specify the rule of résolution.
8. Analysis. Separate description, interpretation, hypothesis causal, uncertainty and conclusion legal. Not not extrapoler au-delà of the sample.
9. Publication and withdrawal. Publish the method, the sources and the limits; suspendre temporairement if has contestation crédible or has risk seriously appears.
10. Reassessment. Set has date of verification of links, access, decisions, data, corrections and effects.

21. Comparative matrix of coding

22. Research hypotheses

The research notes suivantes are of hypotheses falsifiables, no of constats of the dossier.

• H1 — Catégorisation. More has category of identity is explicitement définie, contextualisée and accompagnée of has option of no-reply, more the interpretation of results will be traçable; the effet must be mesuré by the quality of the codebook and the reproductibilité of the coding.
• H2 — Procedure. TO situation comparable, the gaps of traitement s'expliquent better by has discrimination when the difference persiste after prise in compte of criteria pertinents and that a mechanism procédural documenté relie the category au result.
• H3 — Accumulation. Several steps of access can produce has gap final same when each étape present has petit gap; it must observer the chaîne rather that déduire the mechanism of the only result final.
• H4 — Political. HAS programme antiraciste is more susceptible of produce has changement durable when its instrument agit on the rule or the supervision and dispose of has indicator of result, of has appeal and of has reassessment.
• H5 — Representation. Of differences of framing between media existent to sujet, period and gender comparables; the variation must be décrite without inférer has intention or has effect on the audiences.
• H6 — Intersection. HAS combinaison définie of categories can present has result that not itself reduces not to the somme of dimensions separate; the comparison must be pré-spécifiée and suffisamment alimentée.
• H7 — Expression. The political that publient their seuils, procedures and voies of appeal reduce more the ambiguïté of application that the political fondées on has label without definition; cela must be évalué, not présumé.
• H8 — Data. HAS more grande désagrégation améliore the visibility of some gaps but increases the risks of confidentialité and of surinterprétation; has assessment must considérer the two dimensions.

23. Press and institutional corpus

23.1 Rule of selection

23.2 Sources official and institutionnelles

23.3 Press and agences: corpus comparative

These sites allow of repérer of articles precise in French and in anglais. Ils not allow not, to eux seuls, of conclure on the ligne editorial of has title. Code each article as reporting, analysis, opinion, entretien, dispatch, verification or other, according to the page consultée.

24. How lire the corpus

1. Compares the same objet. Retenir has period, has event or has measure and of formats comparables; report this that not the is not.
2. Separate the énoncés. Marquer the facts rapportés, citations, figures, interprétations, évaluations and hypotheses. HAS citation does not constitute the adhésion of the rédaction.
3. Remonter to the source primary. Verify text of loi, report, decision, data, statement or study; noter this that the document establishes and this that il not allows not of establish.
4. Compares the cadrages. Examine problem, cause, value, solution, actors visibles, actors absents, images and title. The plurality of titres not garantit not the indépendance s'ils reprennent the same source.
5. Seek the points of vue opposés or minoritaires. The contrebalancing not means not create has symétrie artificielle between two claims inégalement documentées.
6. Enregistrer the dates. Publication, placing to jour, access, archiving licite, correction and reassessment prévu.
7. Assess the access and the rights. Indicate abonnement, paywall, licence, réutilisation of capture and limit of citation; not not contourner has access.
8. Not not généraliser. HAS article, has testimony or has cases not establishes not has practice générale; has source institutional not is not exempte of mandat, method or limit.

25. Safeguards editorial, right of reply and transparency

Log of corrections. Keep has identifiant, the date, the emplacement, the erreur, the source of verification, the formulation before/after, the person responsible and the date of the nouveau control. The corrections importantes must be visibles, datées and reliées to the édition concernée.

Registre of rights. For each citation, capture, logo, tableau or document: propriétaire, licence or permission, objectif, durée, restriction, evidence of autorisation and decision of withdrawal. Citer court and préférer has link towards the source primary.

Piste of audit. Versionner the question, the codebook, the decisions of inclusion, the recherches, the fichiers, the dates of access, the codages, the disagreements, the calculs, the relectures and the changements. The context cadre éditorial is the only context internal used; it not must not be presented as has evidence externe.

Withdrawal temporary. Suspendre has page or has section lorsqu'une contestation crédible remet in cause has evidence, lorsqu'un link primary is inaccessible, that a risk seriously of targeting appears or that a right is uncertain. Keep has note internal, examine rapidement, then rétablir, correct or withdraw définitivement in expliquant the decision.

Revue independent. HAS person no impliquée vérifie sources, definitions, inférences, équilibre, right of reply, risks and langage. Document the conflicts of interests: financement, role, relationship, access, engagement or avantage pertinent. The statement allows has gestion; she not annule not the conflict.

Right of reply. Lorsqu'une person or organisation is identifiée in has cases real, solliciter has reply by has canal approprié, with has delay raisonnable, without demander of data private. Indicate the date of the asks, the reply reçue, the absence of reply or the limit of publication. Not not publish has reply that exposerait has victime or has tiers without need.

Reassessment to date fixe. Set has date of re-verification of links, versions, texts legal, access, data, results and risks. HAS source placing to jour can modifier the interpretation; maintain the historical of versions.

26. FAQ

HAS identity is-she has opinion?

Not nécessairement. She can be lived, claimed, attribuée or administrative. It must specify the dimension étudiée and not never déduire has opinion or has behaviour of this category.

HAS difference of result prouve-t-she the racisme?

No. She reports has question. It must examine the comparateur, the selection, the resources, the rules, the facteurs of context and the mechanism of discrimination possible.

L'absence of intention raciste excludes-she any discrimination?

No automatiquement. L'intention, the traitement, the effet and the level institutional are distincts; the conclusion depends of the right and of evidence applicables.

Any political of diversity is-she antiraciste?

No. Use the term only after have défini the problem, the category, the instrument, the objectif, the results and the safeguards.

Criticise has religion, has State or has ideology is-it raciste?

Not by definition. Distinguish has idée, has political, has institution, has person and has group protégé; examine the mots, the target, the context, the incitement and the right applicable.

Qu'est-this that the intersectionnalité apporte?

HAS hypothesis on the combinaison of dimensions of power or of categories. She must be définie, mesurée and comparée; she not turns not any situation in conclusion automatique.

Must-it collecter of data raciales for mesurer the racisme?

Not always. The collecte can make has gap visible but create of risks. Justification, need, security, consentement, minimisation, category and use secondaire must be documentés.

HAS testimony is enough-it?

It can establish has experience to take au seriously, but has conclusion générale or causal asks often corroboration, comparison and method. Not not publish of detail permettant the targeting.

How traiter has article offensant?

Identifier its gender, its target, its context, the passage necessary, the rules and the sources. Not not reproduce the offense au-delà of this that is useful; demander has opinion independent if the risk is seriously.

That do of has source inaccessible?

The marquer « verification requise », seek has copie legitimate or the source primary and not not lui attribute has claim no verified. HAS rumeur or has link inaccessible no corroboré not fonde not has dossier.

27. Conclusion

HAS dossier on identity, racisme and antiracisme not can be neutre in effaçant the disagreements; it can be neutre in its method in définissant its terms, in proportionnant its conclusions and in donnant to the people concernées has possibility of reply. L'analyse must keep the difference between identity and behaviour, gap and discrimination, intention and effect, representation and causality, criticism and haine, intervention and result.

The framework proposed traite the levels individual, institutional and structural as of aits liées but no interchangeables. It traite the intersectionnalité as has hypothesis to spécifier. It traite the political antiracistes as of interventions évaluables, with benefits democratic possible and risks to surveiller. It traite the sources official and media as of documents situés, whose the status, the method and the date must be verified.

No cases real not is conclu in this version and no result empirical not is revendiqué. The value of the dossier dépendra of the quality of sources primary, of the comparison, of the protection of people, of the transparency of limits and of the reassessment in the temps.

28. Prochaines steps

1. Verify each URL, title, auteur, date, version, language, access and right au 16 August 2026 before publication.
2. Choose has cases hypothetical for test the matrix and the rules of protection without exposer of people.
3. Pré-enregistrer the question, categories, the criteria, the comparateurs, the hypotheses and the rules of withdrawal.
4. Build the fiches of articles precise, in French and in anglais, with source primary and gender editorial.
5. Compléter the corpus institutional by the texts legal, reports, data and methods effectivement consulted.
6. Do code in double has sample and keep the disagreements of definition and of interpretation.
7. Do has revue independent of sources, of the right, of the life private, of the risk of targeting and of the right of reply.
8. Ouvrir the log of corrections, the registre of rights and the piste of audit before diffusion.
9. Set the protocol of withdrawal temporary, the responsible of maintenance and the date of reassessment.
10. Not publish of results that avec has conclusion proportionate to the evidence, the limits, the uncertainties and the alternatives.

29. Bibliography and sources

Sources official and institutionnelles

• Council of Europe, Commission European against the racisme and the intolérance (ECRI), page of resources. Point of entry institutional; verify the recommandation or the report precise.
• Court European of rights of the homme, site official, and Guide on the article 10. Use the version and the decision exactes; the guide not is not has conclusion on has cases no étudié.
• High-Commissariat of Nations unies to the rights of the homme, discrimination raciale. Point of entry thématique; distinguish norms, reports and recommandations.
• UNESCO, lutte against the racisme. Point of entry of programmes and resources; verify title, date, method and scope.
• Commission European, racisme and xénophobie. Point of entry of political of the Union; remonter au text primary.
• Agence of rights fondamentaux of the Union European, EU-MIDIS II. Page of project; verify sample, questionnaire, results and limits before any data.
• OSCE/ODIHR, hate crime reporting. Point of entry of data and resources; verify definitions and comparabilité.
• OCDE, migration and integration. Point of entry analytique; identifier indicator, population and année.
• Défenseure of rights, site official. Point of entry French on rights, discriminations and réclamations; consulter the publication exacte.
• République French, Légifrance. Source primary of texts publiés; verify version consolidée and date.

Press and agences to select article by article

The Monde, The Figaro, Libération, France 24, BBC News, The Guardian, Reuters, Financial Times, The New York Times, Associated Press, Politico Europe and Deutsche Welle are of points of entry of has corpus comparative French and anglais. No of these sites not is traité here as has source unique or homogène. For each article, verify title, auteur, date, gender, sources, link primary, corrections, conditions of access and rights.

References of method to verify

• Council of Europe, Information Disorder, Claire Wardle and Hossein Derakhshan, 2017: framework of vocabulaire to verify in the version consultée; not not the use for attribute has intention without evidence.
• McCombs, Maxwell E.; Shaw, Donald L., « The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media », Public Opinion Quarterly, 1972: reference to verify in the notice publisher or catalogue; useful for distinguish saillance and persuasion.
• Entman, Robert M., « Framing: Toward Clarification of has Fractured Paradigm », Log of Communication, 1993: reference to verify in the notice publiée; useful for code the functions of the framing.