Progressive Political Ideologies

Central research question

Under what conditions of values and coalitions qualifiées of progressive itself traduisent-they in political public legitimate, effectives and compatibles with the pluralism democratic, and how distinguish their effects propres of tendances economic, sociales, institutionnelles or media that the accompagnent?

The question appelle of comparisons rather that a reply binaire. She invite to identifier the acteur, the level of gouvernement, the instrument, the population concernée, the horizon temporel, the mechanism attendu and the indicators of réussite or of échec.

Definitions and terminology

Progressiste

Label analytique provisoire for of orientations that associent généralement transformation social, reduction of some inégalités, protection of rights or of biens collectifs and réforme of institutions. She not means nor has organisation unique nor has doctrine stable.

Values

Principles normative invoked for juger souhaitable has situation: equality, freedom, solidarity, autonomy, dignité, soutenabilité or security, between other.

Movements and coalitions

Actors collectifs that portent of demandes, produisent of narratives, mobilisent of resources and can diverger on the means.

Partis

Organisations that cherchent to exercer the power électoral and gouvernemental; their programme can reprendre, modérer or écarter of demandes militantes.

Institutions

Parlements, tribunaux, administrations, autorités indépendantes, collectivités, organisations internationales and établissements audiences that fixent or apply of rules.

Political public

Set of objectifs, instruments, budgets, procedures and practices of évaluation in has domaine donné.

Rhetorique

Ways of nommer has problem, has public, has responsibility and has solution. HAS rhetoric not prouve not to she only has intention nor has result.

Result

Changement observé among of people, organisations or environments; it must be distingué of the production administrative, of the impact immédiat and of the effet of long term.

The dossier uses « equality » au sens to specify to each fois: equality legal, equality of traitement, equality of chances, equality of results or reduction of has gap. « Inclusion » describes has objectif of access and of participation; she not implique not that all disagreement disparaisse.

Historical and institutional context

The répertoires associés au progressisme itself are construits by strates: rights civils and political, rights sociaux, equality between the femmes and the hommes, lutte against the discriminations, protection of the environment and, more récemment, governance of data and of the systèmes automatisés. These strates coexistent with of traditions libérales, socialistes, écologistes, syndicales, féministes, antiracistes, démocrates-chrétiennes or républicaines. They not itself rangent not on has only ligne idéologique.

Au level international, the Statement universelle and the pactes of the ONU formulent of rights and freedoms; au level European, the Convention European encadre in particular the restrictions to the freedoms and the no-discrimination.^[O1][O2] These texts structurent the langage of political, but their application passe by of States, of cours, of administrations and of arbitrages budgétaires. L’existence of has norm not establishes therefore not that its objectif is atteint.

In the Union European, the Pacte vert, the règlement on the services digital, the Socle European of rights sociaux and the Pacte on the migration and the asile illustrent of modes of action différents: stratégie, règlement directement applicable, principles of orientation and paquet législatif.^{[O8][O9][O10][O11]} This diversity institutional must rester visible in any comparison.

Ideology and analysis of political

HAS ideology can be étudiée as has set of diagnostics, of values, of visions of the ordre social and of justifications of the action. HAS political, she, is has combinaison concrète: definition of the problem, population ciblée, level of decision, instrument, financement, calendrier, indicators and procedure of revision. The passage of the a to the other not is never mécanique.

Quatre tensions reviennent often. L’universalisme can entrer in tension with the targeting of désavantages; the protection can entrer in tension with the autonomy; the urgence climatique can entrer in tension with the répartition of costs; the lutte against of content préjudiciables can entrer in tension with the freedom of expression. L’article 10 of the Convention European protects the freedom of expression all in prévoyant of conditions for some restrictions; the guide of the Court insiste on the légalité, the but legitimate and the need/proportionality.^[O2][O3]

HAS analysis équilibrée pose for each measure the questions suivantes: which problem is mesuré? which contrefactuel is plausible? that paie, that bénéficie, that puts in œuvre? which alternatives have been écartées? which mechanisms of appeal existent? which groups are absents of the decision? HAS vocabulaire of vertu not remplace not these questions; has vocabulaire of menace not the remplace not more.

Domains of political progressive: reading descriptive and neutre

Education

The approches étudiées can viser the access, the réussite, the education inclusive, the reduction of gaps territoriaux and the learning of the citizenship. The report of the UNESCO on has nouveau contract social for the education ouvre has framework of réflexion on the education as bien commun.^[O6] The évaluations must separate resources, practices pédagogiques, climat scolaire, acquis and trajectories of long term. The objections portent in particular on the charge administrative, the freedom pédagogique, the hiérarchisation of knowledge and the capacity to mesurer of objectifs very larges.

Equality and anti-discrimination

The instruments comprennent the equality formal, the lutte against the discriminations directes and indirectes, the accessibility, the collecte of data, the formation, the voies of appeal and sometimes of measures correctrices. The CEDAW and the norms européennes fournissent of repères of rights; they not déterminent not has political unique.^[O5] The controverses concernent the definitions, the evidence, the proportionality, the traitement of categories and the compatibilité of some arrangements with the neutralité of the action public.

Gender

The political of gender can viser the equality between the femmes and the hommes, the prévention of violences, the access to the soins, the reconnaissance legal or the protection against the discriminations liées to the orientation sexuelle or to the identity of gender. The objectifs and the populations not are not interchangeables. HAS study must specify the right concerné, the effet sought, the basis legal, the procedures of consultation and the protections for the people in disagreement.

Climat

The transition climatique combine norms, tarification, investissements, standards, planification and compensation. The Pacte vert present has stratégie of transformation European, but has document programmatique not measure not the effects distributifs of has measure data.^[O8] The analysis must follow the émissions, the costs, the quality of the air, the employment, the territories, the ménages vulnérables and the faisabilité political; she must also test the objections relatives to the régression social, to the compétitivité and to the dependence technologique.

Migration

The domaine combine right of asile, control of borders, integration, work, retours and coopération internationale. The Pacte on the migration and the asile describes has set of procedures and of responsibilities européennes.^[O11] HAS reading neutre distinguishes the obligations legal, the capacities administratives, the effects on the people, the communes and the countries partenaires, thus that the disagreements on the sovereignty, the accueil and the externalisation.

Governance digital

The regulation digital can poursuivre the security, the concurrence, the transparency, the protection of data and the reduction of some risks systémiques. The règlement on the services digital répartit of obligations according to the services and provides of mechanisms of supervision and of appeal.^[O9] The recommandation of the UNESCO on the ethics of the outil puts the accent on the rights, the responsibility and the évaluation of impacts.^[O7] The risks to examine are the on-moderation, the opacité, the concentration of power, the surveillance and the inégalités of access.

Santé public

The political of santé public connect prévention, access, soins, information, protection of people vulnérables and gestion of crise. The Constitution of the OMS fournit has framework institutional général; she not allows not of inférer the efficacité of has intervention particulière.^[O12] Any comparison must document the indicators sanitaires, the effects sociaux, the costs, the freedoms concernées, the quality of the information and the mechanisms of control.

Work and protection social

The research notes can agir on the salaire, the temps of work, the security, the representation collective, the assurance chômage, the minima sociaux, the services audiences and the conciliation of temps. The Statement of the OIT fournit has repère on the principles and rights fondamentaux au work; the Socle European of rights sociaux present of principles of orientation.^[O13][O10] The effects can différer according to the status, the secteur, the sexe, the âge and the territory; the transferts and the incentives must be observés set.

Mechanisms of influence

The idées become influentes by of canaux distincts: mobilisation électorale, associations, syndicats, expertise, contentieux stratégique, media, administrations, entrepreneurs of cause, négociation interpartis and norms internationales. HAS mouvement can changer the vocabulaire without obtain has loi; has administration can appliquer has measure without the identifier au progressisme; has court can modifier the scope of has text without partager the programme of the gouvernement.

1. Access to the agenda: make has problem visible and the do entrer in has procedure.
2. Construction of the diagnosis: define the causes, the groups concernés and the indicators.
3. Coalition: réunir of actors whose the interests not coïncident not entièrement.
4. Traduction institutional: convertir has asks in loi, budget, norm, service or jurisprudence.
5. Placing in œuvre: fournir of resources, of skills, of contrôles and of voies of appeal.
6. Learning: correct the arrangement to partir of retours, of évaluations and of contestations.

These mechanisms are of hypotheses of research, not of causes assumed. It must document the chronologie, the actors, the documents of decision and the alternatives.

Instruments of political public

The choice of has instrument is has decision political and technique. HAS objectif of equality can be poursuivi by has rule uniforme, has compensation ciblée, has service universel or has obligation of result; the conséquences diffèrent.

Democratic benefits and risks

The benefits democratic possible are the broadening of the participation, the correction of exclusions, the visibility of préjudices, the protection of minorités, the placing to the agenda of risks of long term and the responsabilisation of acteurs puissants. Ils not are not automatiques: ils dépendent of procedures ouvertes, of has access égal to the contestation and of results verifiable.

The risks possible are the moralisation of the disagreement, the pressure conformiste, the exclusion of experiments divergentes, the délégation excessive to of experts or to of platforms, the inflation of categories administratives, the concentration of the decision and the justification of atteintes to the freedoms by has finalité réputée supérieure. The mêmes risks can exister in of political opposées au progressisme; ils must be évalués au cases by cases.

HAS test democratic useful combine légalité, need, proportionality, pluralism, transparency, réversibilité, appeal and assessment. The freedom of expression protects has space of criticism; she not turns not any expression in action without conséquences legal, and has restriction not becomes not legitimate by the only does that elle is formulée au name of the inclusion.^[O3]

Freedom of expression and disagreement

The disagreement not is not has anomalie to éliminer, but has data of the délibération. It is necessary to distinguish criticism of has idée, criticism of has political, attaque personal, incitement to the violence, harassment ciblé, disinformation démontrée and expression protégée but choquante. These categories have of conséquences legal différentes and not must not be amalgamées.

For each measure of moderation or of sanction, the investigation must demander: which rule accessible s’applique? that décide? which evidence? which appeal? which durée? existe-t-it has obligation of motivation? The jurisprudence European on the article 10 fournit has framework of reading, but the application depends of the context and of the measure contestée.^[O2][O3]

The actors that itself réclament of the freedom of expression as ceux that invoquent the protection against the préjudices must accepter the symétrie procédurale: mêmes requirements of evidence, possibility of reply and correction public of has erreur.

Evidence and causal inference

HAS claim descriptive responds to « that s’est-it passé? ». HAS claim causal responds to « that is-this that the has produces, by report to quoi, and with which uncertainty? ». HAS claim normative responds to « that devrait-on do? ». The dossier not traite not these trois levels as équivalents.

• Define the result before of seek has explanation.
• Build has contrefactuel plausible: tendance antérieure, group comparable, territory voisin or réforme graduelle.
• Contrôler the facteurs concurrents: conjoncture, démographie, changement administratif, crise, technology or selection of bénéficiaires.
• Trianguler texts, data, entretiens, contentieux, budgets and observations of placing in œuvre.
• Document the results nuls, the effects hétérogènes and the limits of measure.

The texts institutional are of sources primary for connaître has norm or has programme; ils not are enough not for prouver its result. The articles of press make compte of événements and of cadrages; ils not remplacent not of séries of data nor has decision of justice. L’argument of authority, the testimony isolé and the décompte of mentions media must be identifiés as tels.

Case-study method

HAS study of cases must be choisie for its value analytique, no for its aptitude to confirmer has thèse. The protocol recommandé is the suivant:

1. Délimiter the territory, the period and the level institutional.
2. Describe the problem and the options discutées before the decision.
3. Cartographier the actors and the interests, without their attribute has intention no documented.
4. Establish the chaîne of placing in œuvre: text, budget, administration, bénéficiaires, contrôles.
5. Choose of indicators of results and of effects distributifs.
6. Seek the mechanisms alternatifs and the cases négatifs.
7. Publish the sources, the code or the tableaux when cela is possible, and keep has piste of corrections.

The cases can porter on has réglementation digital, has political climatique, has arrangement anti-discrimination, has réforme educational, has political of integration or has programme of santé. The comparison must maintain constants au less the objet, the horizon temporel, the indicators and the definition of the group concerné.

Comparative matrix

The matrix not is not has ranking of political. She serves to make comparables the questions and to empêcher that a same mot — « inclusion », « transition » or « protection » — tienne lieu of indicateur.

Research hypotheses

1. H1 — traduction institutional: has revendication has more of chances of être durable lorsqu’elle dispose of has relais administratif, budgétaire and legal, indépendamment of its intensité rhetoric.
2. H2 — coalition: the broadening of has coalition increases the probabilité of adoption but can make the objectifs more ambigus and the compromis less lisibles.
3. H3 — capacity: to text comparable, the effects observés varient with the resources, skills and incentives of agents of placing in œuvre.
4. H4 — distribution: the costs visibles and immédiats suscitent more of contestation that the benefits diffus or différés, same when the bilan agrégé is favorable.
5. H5 — pluralism: the légitimité is more robuste when the disagreements are documentés, that the voies of appeal are effectives and that the measure is reviewable.
6. H6 — médiatisation: the cadrages of press influencent the perception of has political, but their effect not must not be confondu with the effet matériel of the political.

Each hypothesis must power be infirmée. HAS investigation sérieuse publishes the observations that the fragilisent.

Press corpus and reading method

The corpus of press réunit of entry points francophones and anglophones: Reuters, Associated Press, BBC News, The Guardian, Financial Times, The New York Times, Politico Europe, Deutsche Welle, France 24, The Monde, The Figaro and Libération. The links and notices are regroupés in the bibliography commentée. For this session hors ligne, the links of research of some titres are retained as pistes of consultation; ils not serve not to attribute has phrase or has result precise.

The reading itself does in quatre colonnes: facts verifiable, actors cités, framing lexical, elements absents. It must ensuite remonter to the source primary: règlement, judgment, budget, report or série statistical. The researcher note the title exact, the auteur affiché, the date, the URL, the access date and the passage used. HAS title not is not has evidence of the thèse that a lecteur lui combines.

The plurality of media not garantit not the neutralité. She allows rather of compares the selection of facts, the ordre of causes, the people interrogées and the vocabulaire. The opinions and analyses are étiquetées as telles; they not are not fusionnées with the dépêches nor with the texts officiels.

Editorial safeguards, right of reply, corrections and transparency

Each entry bibliographique indicates its category. The sources official are utilisées for the norms and the arrangements; the press for the événements rapportés and the cadrages; the analyse or the opinion for of interprétations explicitement signalées; the context cadre éditorial only for the périmètre of the project. The sources no ouvertes or no verifiable not are not utilisées for establish has does.

• Not not turn has identity political in caractère individual.
• Not not déduire has intention of has effect observé.
• Attribute the disagreements to of actors identifiables and citer their formulation exacte only after verification.
• Publish the limits, the data manquantes and the results contradictoires.
• Give has right of reply raisonnable to the people or organisations mises in cause.
• Correct visiblement has erreur factuelle, with date, emplacement and motif of correction.
• Keep the version and the access date of links; report the links périmés.

The version livrée does not claim have interrogé of people nor déployé has arrangement of veille. She fournit has basis of research and has protocol reproducible.

FAQ

The progressisme is-it has mouvement unique?

No. C’est has category analytique and political disputée, that agrège of actors and of traditions sometimes divergents.

HAS political dite progressiste is-she nécessairement efficace?

No. HAS intention normative, has adoption legal and has result mesuré are trois questions distinctes.

HAS political favorable to the equality can-she have of costs?

Oui. Any measure has of costs directs or indirects possible. The make visibles améliore the évaluation and not annule not the objectif of equality.

The freedom of expression protects-t-she any parole?

She protects largement the debate and the opinions, under the conditions of the right applicable. The limits must be prévues by the loi, poursuivre has but legitimate and be necessary and proportionnées.^[O3]

Pourquoi distinguish press and source official?

HAS text official describes has norm or has decision; has article rapporte, explique or interprète. The functions probatoires not are not the mêmes.

How verify has causality?

In définissant the result, in construisant has contrefactuel, in contrôlant the facteurs concurrents and in recherchant the cases négatifs.

The dossier takes-it position?

It explicite of criteria of quality of the investigation and of the délibération; it not recommends nor parti nor candidat.

Conclusion

Study the ideologies and political progressive asks of resist to two simplifications: the traiter as has bloc homogène, or reduce any criticism to has hostilité of principle. The values can justifier has action collective; they must ensuite be confrontées to the institutions, to the resources, to the freedoms, to the effects distribués and to the evidence.

The result pertinent not is not only the adoption of has text. C’est the chaîne complète, of the formulation of the problem to the possibility of correct the political. HAS political legitimate is contestable, reviewable and explicable; has political efficace must show for that she fonctionne, in which conditions and to which cost.

The dossier proposes therefore less has label définitive that a discipline of comparison: nommer the acteur, isoler the mechanism, expliciter the contrefactuel, distinguish the sources and laisser has place real au disagreement.

Prochaines steps of research

1. Réouvrir each page of press and replace the pistes of research by the notices exactes: title, auteur, date, URL and extrait verified.
2. Constituer has tableau of texts legal and of versions consolidées, with date of entry in vigueur and mechanisms of appeal.
3. Select two to quatre studies of cases contrastées, whose au less has political produisant of results mitigés or inattendus.
4. Define before the analyse the indicators, the units of observation, the sources of data and the rules of traitement of data manquantes.
5. Organise has contradictoire documentary: réponses of administrations, associations, syndicats, companies, researchers and people concernées.
6. Publish has log of modifications and has sheet of correction for any version ultérieure.

Bibliography and sources

The sources are classées by function. The references O are institutionnelles, P are of press, and I relève of the context internal cadre éditorial. The annotations are brèves and not valent not validation of pages no ouvertes in the session hors ligne.

1. O1 — institutional. Organisation of Nations unies, Statement universelle of rights of the homme, 10 December 1948. Text of reference on the dignité, the equality, the freedoms and the rights sociaux. It serves here of repère normatif, no of evidence automatique of the efficacité of has political. Link
2. O2 — institutional. Council of Europe, Convention of sauvegarde of rights of the homme and of freedoms fondamentales, 4 November 1950. Framework conventionnel European that protects in particular the freedom of expression, the life private, the freedom of réunion and the no-discrimination. Link
3. O3 — institutional. Court European of rights of the homme, Guide on the article 10 of the Convention European of rights of the homme: freedom of expression, 31 August 2022. Guide of jurisprudence and of principles on the freedom of expression, the restrictions and the marge of appréciation. It rappelle that the protection covers also of idées that heurtent, choquent or inquiètent. Link
4. O4 — institutional. High-Commissariat of Nations unies to the rights of the homme, Pacte international relatif to the rights civils and political, 16 December 1966. Instrument international relatif to the freedoms civiles and political, to the safeguards procédurales and to the conditions of restriction prévues by the right. Link
5. O5 — institutional. High-Commissariat of Nations unies to the rights of the homme, Convention on the élimination of toutes the forms of discrimination to the égard of femmes, 18 December 1979. Convention that engage the States to combattre the discriminations to the égard of femmes and to examine the obstacles legal, sociaux and institutional. Link
6. O6 — institutional. UNESCO, Repenser nos futurs set: has nouveau contract social for the education, 2021. Report prospectif on the education as bien commun and on the choice collectifs that structurent the systems educational. It not measure not to lui only the effects of has réforme. Link
7. O7 — institutional. UNESCO, Recommandation on the ethics of the systèmes automatisés, 23 November 2021. Framework of principles for has outil respectueuse of rights, of the diversity, of the transparency, of the responsibility and of the évaluation of impacts. Link
8. O8 — institutional. Commission European, The pacte vert for Europe, 11 December 2019. Communication that present the Pacte vert as has stratégie of transformation climatique and economic of the Union European. Link
9. O9 — institutional. Union European, Règlement (UE) 2022/2065 relatif to has market unique of services digital — règlement on the services digital, 19 October 2022. Text legal that organises of obligations différenciées for the services digital, the transparency and some mechanisms of appeal and of supervision. Link
10. O10 — institutional. Commission European, Socle European of rights sociaux, 17 November 2017. Vingt principles presented as has boussole for of markets of the work and of systems of protection social more équitables; the placing in œuvre depends of skills and political nationales. Link
11. O11 — institutional. Commission European, Pacte on the migration and the asile, 2024. Présentation of the paquet législatif European relatif to the migration and to the asile, to its procedures, to the solidarity and to the gestion of borders. Link
12. O12 — institutional. Organisation mondiale of the Santé, Constitution of the Organisation mondiale of the Santé, 22 July 1946. Text constitutif that définit the santé as has state of bien-be and establishes the role of the OMS; it does not constitute has assessment of each political public. Link
13. O13 — institutional. Organisation internationale of the Work, Statement of the OIT relative to the principles and rights fondamentaux au work, 1998, amendée in 2022. Reference internationale on the principles and rights fondamentaux au work, whose the scope must be distinguée of the measure of results on the employment. Link
14. O14 — institutional. Council of Europe, Convention-framework on the systèmes automatisés and the rights of the homme, the democracy and the État of right, 17 May 2024. Framework conventionnel visant to connect governance of the outil, rights humains, democracy and State of right; its effect depends of the ratification and of the placing in œuvre. Link
15. P1 — press. Reuters, EU agrees landmark deal on automated systems rules, 9 December 2023. Notice of press retenue for compares the framing journalistique of the accord political European on the outil. No detail no verified in this session not is used as result. Link
16. P2 — press. Associated Press, EU lawmakers approve landmark automated systems rules, 13 March 2024. Notice of press retenue for compares the narrative of the adoption parlementaire of the outil Act. The sheet serves au corpus, and no to substituer has article to has text legal. Link
17. P3 — press. BBC News, What is the EU’s Digital Services Act?, 2023. Point of entry anglophone for observer the vulgarisation of obligations of platforms and the enjeux of moderation; any citation must be contrôlée in the page consultée. Link
18. P4 — press. The Guardian, EU agrees landmark deal on first set of outil rules, 9 December 2023. Notice of press destinée to compares the framing of compromis European on the outil with the texts institutional. Link
19. P5 — press. France 24, Europe and systèmes automatisés: outil Act, 2023–2024. Corpus francophone and international to consulter for the explanations and réactions autour of the réglementation European of the outil. Link
20. P6 — press. The Monde, Dossier of research: systèmes automatisés, climat, migrations and freedoms, 2023–2026. Corpus francophone généraliste; the articles individuels must be relevés with their title, date and auteur au moment of the consultation. Link
21. P7 — press. The Figaro, Dossier of research: political climatiques, migrations and freedoms public, 2023–2026. Corpus francophone permettant of observer of cadrages and objections différents; no opinion of the log not is attribuée here without article verified. Link
22. P8 — press. Libération, Dossier of research: discriminations, gender, climat and digital, 2023–2026. Corpus francophone permettant of compares the vocabulaires, the actors cités and the hiérarchisation of enjeux. Link
23. P9 — press. Financial Times, EU agrees deal on landmark automated systems act, 9 December 2023. Corpus anglophone spécialisé in the dimensions economic and réglementaires; the titres and auteurs must be verified before has citation precise. Link
24. P10 — press. Politico Europe, EU outil Act, 2023–2026. Corpus European of political public to compares with the sources primary, in distinguant information, analysis and commentaire. Link
25. P11 — press. Deutsche Welle, EU outil Act and digital regulation, 2023–2026. Corpus European anglophone/germanophone accessible in anglais; useful for compares the traitement of the regulation digital. Link
26. P12 — press. The New York Times, Dossier of research: European Union outil Act, 2023–2026. Corpus anglophone destiné to compares the traitement of dimensions legal, economic and géopolitiques of the outil Act; the articles individuels must be relevés and verified before citation precise. Link
27. I1 — context internal. Framework cadre éditorial, Context internal of the project, Working version, 14 August 2026. Only context internal retenu. It organises the périmètre and the production of the dossier, but not fournit no evidence empirical and not is not presented as has source public. Reference internal no publiée