The West, Values and Civilisation

4. Central research question

Under what conditions the references to the West, to its values assumed and to has civilisation Western describe-they of institutions, of practices or of experiments historical verifiable, and under what conditions serve-they to naturaliser has identity, has hierarchy, has border or has interest political?

Secondary questions: which definitions are mobilised; which populations are included or excluded; which texts and indicators allow of test the claim; how distinguish heritage, diffusion, appropriation and invention rétrospective; when has value declared itself translates-she in right or in practice; which critiques internes and externes are prises in compte; and what effects the framing civilisationnel produces-it on the debate public?

5. Definitions and terminology

The definitions below are working definitions. They do not claim to exhaust the traditions philosophical or historical. Their function is to prevent has loaded term soit used as evidence of its own conclusion.

6. How define « the West »

HAS geographical definition can viser Europe Western, the Amérique of the Nord, the Océanie or of other sets according to the period; its borders changent according to the objet. HAS definition historical can parler of trajectories intellectual, religious, imperial, commercial or institutionnelles. HAS definition political can renvoyer to of alliances or to of gouvernements that itself coordonnent without partager toutes their orientations.

HAS legal definition can viser of States liés by of instruments of rights or of institutions régionales. An economic definition can do reference to of économies to high income, to of regimes of ownership or to of models of work; she not must not be confused with has civilisation. HAS definition cultural can retenir of langues, works, practices and mémoires; she risk of réifier of identities fluides. HAS definition of auto-identification asks that itself dit Western, when and pourquoi.

Any study must set the definition before selecting the cases, then test its stability. If the « West » changes of outline according to the result sought, the analyse is circular. It must also provide of cases borders, of identities hybrid, of people and institutions that refusent the label and of trajectories that not itself laissent not classer in blocs.

7. Legacies historical and transmissions contestées

The legacies invoked in Western narratives Western are composite: traditions philosophical, legal and religious, experiments imperial, movements sociaux, revolutions political, innovations scientific, exchanges commercial and circulations intellectual. Their presence in has history not prouve nor has origine unique, nor has continuité without rupture, nor has ownership exclusive.

HAS heritage is also has selection. The narratives audiences place in before some works and in downplay of other; ils can present as internal this that has been translates, disputé, borrowed or transformed by of contacts. Research must follow the mediations, the actors forgotten, the asymétries of power and the conditions matérielles of conservation.

The question useful not is therefore not « that has inventé the civilisation? », but which practices, institutions or idées have circulé, according to which reports of force, with which transformations and what effects distribués. The resources of the Council of Europe on the teaching of the history can aider to formulate has approche pluralist; the document precise must be verified before publication. [S03]

8. Rights, right and institutions democratic

The rights humains, the État of right and the democracy are often presented as of values Western. HAS telle formulates can report has history institutional particulière, but she becomes trompeuse if she turns of principles discutés and claimed au-delà of Europe in ownership of has bloc.

The analysis must distinguish text, institution, practice and result: has safeguard inscrite in has constitution not is not identique to its access effectif; has juridiction or has parlement not is not identique to the way whose it fonctionne; has procedure democratic not supprime not the inégalités of voix. The restrictions can be prévues by the loi in some cadres, but their légalité, need, proportionality and control must be examinés in the text applicable.

The Convention European of rights of the homme, the guides of the Court and the cadres onusiens are of sources primary or institutionnelles to consulter for the questions of right; ils not give not automatiquement has measure of conformité of each countries. [S01–S04]

9. Freedom of conscience, of expression and of religion

The freedom of conscience protects the possibility of have, of changer or of not not have has conviction; the freedom of religion concerns of convictions and practices individuelles or collectives; the freedom of expression protects the communication of idées, y compris contestataires, under réserve of rules applicables. The trois domains itself recouvrent without itself confuse.

HAS study must separate criticism of has doctrine, criticism of has institution, criticism of has State and attaque against of people in reason of has identity. She must analyser the seuils legal without prétendre that any parole blessante is illégale, nor that all discours légal is without effect social. The minorités religious, the dissidents, the athées, the journalists and the researchers can have of experiments différentes of the same safeguard formal.

The guide of the article 10 of European Court, the resources of the High-Commissariat of Nations unies to the rights of the homme and the work of the OSCE/ODIHR constituent of entry points; the versions, dates and passages pertinents are to verify. [S01, S04, S08]

10. Science, reason and knowledge

The science can be étudiée as has set of methods, of institutions, of norms professionnelles and of practices of verification, no as has attribut identity-based of has continent. The reason not is not has substance cultural distribuée between peuples; the forms of reasoning are apprises, situated, disputées and mobilised in of nombreux contextes.

It is necessary to distinguish knowledge établie, hypothesis, expertise, authority institutional and opinion. The transparency of data, the reproductibilité, the criticism by the pairs and the revision are of practices to document rather that of vertus attribuées to has civilisation. The institutions scientific can produce of the knowledge and be prises in of interests, of exclusions or of reports of power.

HAS investigation comparée précisera the domaine, the population, the protocol and the degré of consensus. She not traduira not has difference of financement, of publication or of access in difference of capacity intellectuelle of has group. The pages of the UNESCO on the science and the ethics of the outil are of entry points institutional, not of evidence suffisantes of has effect causal. [S06]

11. Autonomy individual and responsibility

L’autonomie can mean the capacity to former of preferences, decide, agir and challenge has authority. She depends of conditions sociales: information accessible, security, resources, santé, temps, education, absence of coercion and possibility of appeal. The present as has ownership isolée of the individu masque these conditions.

The responsibility not is not identique to the culpabilité morale. She can be legal, political, professionnelle or relationnelle, chacune ayant of criteria différents. HAS analysis must avoid the inférences psychological no étayées and not not attribute has intention to has group to partir of has slogan, of has statistical or of has behaviour of has only actor.

The question empirical is of knowledge which institutions augmentent the capacity of agir and lesquelles the restreignent, for that, with which mechanisms and which against-powers. The approches of the agence humaine in the cadres educational or of development are useful as repères, to lire in their version exacte. [S11, S12]

12. Equality, dignité and universalisme

L’universalisme can mean that of rights or has dignité are dus to any person. It can also be employé as langage abstrait that ignore the differences of situation or the exclusions historical. L’égalité devant the loi, the equality of traitement, the equality of chances and the reduction of inégalités of result not are not of research notes équivalentes.

HAS approche no essentialisante examines the barrières, the distributions and the appeal. She not suppose not that all the groups have the mêmes trajectories nor that any difference révèle has discrimination. She research to the fois the rules formelles, the practices institutionnelles, the resources and the effects documentés.

The texts of the ONU, of the Union European and of the FRA can establish of norms or fournir of data according to the documents retenus. It must report the mandat, the method and the period of each source, and not not convertir has framework normatif in result empirical. [S04, S07, S08]

13. Nation, sovereignty and solidarity

The narratives of civilisation croisent of narratives nationaux. The sovereignty can mean has skill legal, has capacity political, has revendication populaire or has langage of control of borders. The solidarity can be nationale, local, transnational or institutional; she implique often of arbitrages between membres, no-membres and generations.

L’enquête must separate the peuple as sujet political, the nation as narrative historical, the État as organisation and the gouvernement as équipe dirigeante. She must also regarder the people that have several belongings or that contestent the identity majoritaire. HAS claim on « the nation » must specify which actors parlent, in which forum and with which mandat.

The institutions européennes and internationales give of vocabulaires distincts of citizenship, of coopération and of responsibility. No of eux not must be used as raccourci for conclure that a population would be naturellement more solidaire or more souveraine that a other.

14. Economy, work and prosperity

The prosperity can be mesurée by the income, the consommation, the security matérielle, the santé, the temps libre, the capacity of agir or of other dimensions. She not itself confond not with the croissance, the prestige of has countries or the puissance of has company. The work is to the fois has activité productive, has relationship social, has means of subsistance and has lieu of rights or of dependence.

The narratives civilisationnels tendent to attribute the richesse to has culture rather that à of institutions, of resources, of reports of work, of exchanges, of choice political and of legacies historical. HAS analysis prudente reconstruit the mechanisms and teste the competing explanations. She not déduit not has value humaine of has indicator economic.

The indicators of the OCDE, of the Banque mondiale and of the OIT can document of dimensions distinctes; their definitions and limits must be conservées. The dossier not produces no ranking nor estimation originale. [S09–S12]

15. Culture, language and memory

The culture comprend of works, langues, practices, institutions, goûts, techniques and mémoires. She itself turns by traduction, migration, learning, conflict, market, appropriation and création. HAS language can be has ressource of expression and has outil of exclusion when its access conditionne has employment, has right or has reconnaissance.

The memory public not is not the inventaire neutre of the passé. Musées, programmes scolaires, monuments, media and commémorations sélectionnent, ordonnent and interprètent. The disagreement mémoriel must be documenté without reduce has person to has origine and without traiter any version as équivalente to has document established.

The Council of Europe, the UNESCO and the institutions cultural fournissent of entry points for the patrimoine, the diversity cultural and the teaching of the history. It must néanmoins revenir to the texts and to the corpus precise, and give place to the voix minorées, contradictoires or transnational. [S03, S05, S06]

16. Colonialisme, empire and responsibility historical

The puissances européennes and of other States have exercé of forms variées of domination imperial, of conquête, of extraction, of administration and of hiérarchisation. HAS study sérieuse not reduces not these processus to has faute morale abstraite nor to has narrative unique: she identifie actors, institutions, périodes, territories, résistances, transformations and legacies.

It is necessary to distinguish responsibility historical, responsibility legal actuelle, memory, réparation, restitution and causality contemporaine. HAS injustice passée can have of effects durables without that each event present soit expliqué by has only heritage. Inversement, the clôture official of has empire is not sufficient to démontrer the disparition of its effects.

The dossier invite to confronter archives, work historiens, texts of right, narratives of sociétés concernées and analyses of institutions. The generalisations on « the West » are to replace by of mechanisms documentés and of actors identifiables.

17. Migration, pluralism and integration

Migration, pluralism and integration are of categories différentes. The migration describes has déplacement or has installation according to of criteria to specify; the pluralism concerns the coexistence of differences in has framework of rights; the integration can mean the access to the institutions, the participation, the learning of has language, the mobilité or has idéal political. No term not must présupposer has assimilation totale.

HAS investigation must take in compte the political, the markets of the work, the école, the housing, the citizenship, the discriminations, the networks transnationaux and the choice of people. She must distinguish the intentions public, the practices administratives and the results. The data on the nationalité, the origine or the religion have of definitions and of protections variables.

18. Sécularisme and pluralism religious

The secularity can mean the neutralité of the État, the séparation institutional, the limitation of the power religious, has political of visibility or has tradition intellectuelle; these uses varient according to the countries. She not means not nécessairement absence of religion, and the pluralism religious not means not that toutes the institutions must adopter has same model.

It is necessary to distinguish freedom of religion, equality of cultes, neutralité of institutions, réglementation of signes or practices, and criticism of the religion. The people croyantes and no croyantes not forment not of blocs. The conflicts on the visibility religious must be décrits with the texts applicables, the actors concernés and the voies of appeal.

The guides legal European and the resources of the OSCE can orienter the verification, but ils not dispensent not of lire the right national and the jurisprudence pertinente. [S01, S08]

19. Gender, famille and changement social

The discours civilisationnels utilisent sometimes the famille, the gender or the rights of femmes for opposer of sociétés. HAS analysis must specify the right étudié, the period, the practices and the distributions observées. She must avoid of assigner the individuals to has design unique of the famille or of supposer that the progrès suit has trajectory linéaire.

The rights formels, the security, the work domestique, the access to the soins, the representation political and the norms sociales can évoluer of way no synchronisée. Of conflicts existent to the intérieur of each countries, religion, mouvement and generation. The critiques of traditions or of political must viser of doctrines, institutions or practices documentées, no of people as category.

HAS study comparative annoncera its indicators, its limits and the risks of measure. She séparera corrélation, causality and judgment normatif, and cherchera of voix internes as of perspectives externes.

20. Technology, modernity and limits écologiques

The modernity can mean urbanisation, rationalisation administrative, industrialisation, individualisation, innovation or changements cultural; these processus not forment not has sequence universelle. The technology is has infrastructure, has set of practices and has market; she redistribue capacities and risks, but not produces not automatiquement the progrès.

The limits écologiques obligent to interroger has definition of the prosperity fondée on has croissance matérielle illimitée. HAS analysis must examine that bénéficie of has innovation, that in supporte the costs, which resources are mobilised and what effects are réversibles. For the outil or the platforms, it must distinguish principle ethics, rule, audit technique and result social.

The resources of the UNESCO, of the OCDE, of the ONU and of the Commission European are of portes of entry, to compléter by of studies of cycle of life, of work, of environment and of governance. [S06, S09, S10, S13]

21. Dissidence internal and conflicts cultural

No culture political not is has bloc without dissidence. The movements ouvriers, féministes, antiracistes, religious, anticléricaux, écologistes, libertaires, conservateurs, socialistes, libéraux and of other courants have contesté of institutions and of definitions of the freedom. The conflicts internes make partie of the history of values claimed.

It must document that is in disagreement with that, on which document de travail, with which resources and which risks. The criticism of has majorité or of has State not is not has evidence of déloyauté civilisationnelle. TO the inverse, the invocation of the pluralism not rule not automatiquement the conflicts between freedom, equality, security and protection against the violence.

The cases of dissidence must preserve the right of reply, avoid the information personnelles inutiles and distinguish analysis of has mouvement and exposure of people vulnérables.

22. Critiques externes and perspectives comparative

The critiques venues of Afrique, of Asie, of the Means-Orient, of Amérique latine, of diasporas and of other espaces not must not be traitées as has bloc « anti-Western ». They can challenge has intervention, has norm, has memory, has double standard, has hierarchy economic or has prétention to the universalité; they can also defend some rights or institutions associés to of States Western.

Compares not means not seek has gagnant civilisationnel. It must build of aits comparables, expliciter the traductions and recognise that the mêmes terms — freedom, dignité, community, secularism, sovereignty — can have of histoires institutionnelles différentes. The points of vue externes must be situés, sourcés and confrontés to their own plurality.

HAS comparison useful indicates this that is mesuré, this that not the is not, and if the gap vient of has difference of definition, of context, of institution or of measure. She évite of turn has criticism situated in truth on has civilisation entière.

23. Narratives civilisationnels in political and in the media

HAS narrative civilisationnel organises of événements and of identities autour of has history longue, of has « nous », of values supposées and of has menace or of has avenir. The media can the reprendre, the nuancer or the challenge; the responsables audiences can the use for cadrer has political. The narrative not is not in soi has evidence of causality or of consensus.

The coding must relever the definitions, the actors cités, the métaphores, the oppositions, the evidence, the omissions, the groups représentés and the conséquences proposées. It is necessary to distinguish reporting, analysis, editorial, entretien, title, image and commentaire. The status of the source and its model economic comptent for understand the framing.

The rubriques of press proposées in bibliography serve au identification. Before publication, replace has rubrique by the article precise if has claim in depends, verify the date and keep the gender journalistique. [S16–S30]

24. Benefits and risks of the framing civilisationnel

The framing civilisationnel can make visibles of traditions longues, of institutions partagées, of relationships historical or has question of political étrangère. It can aider of actors to nommer has solidarity, has memory or has responsibility. These benefits remain conditionnels: ils supposent of borders explicit, of exceptions visibles and the possibility of contestation.

The risks are the réification, the anachronisme, the eurocentrisme, the hiérarchisation, the confusion between gouvernement and population, the effacement of minorités, the essentialisation of religions, the selection of facts favorables and the usage of has narrative for justifier has exclusion. HAS bon dossier teste the two directions and describes the effects observable rather that of attribute has intention collective.

25. Freedom of expression and criticism of civilisations

Criticise has civilisation, has religion, has ideology, has State or has tradition relève of has debate intellectuel différent of the attaque against of people in reason of their identity. The freedom of expression protects has large zone of disagreement, but its exercice is encadré by of rights and of lois variables. The analysis not must nor expand abusivement the illégalité, nor ignorer the risks of harassment and of déshumanisation.

The rule editorial is of citer the research notes and the arguments au minimum necessary, of not not republier of content hateful, of not not identifier of people vulnérables and of discuter the effects without fournir of details facilitant the intimidation. The right of reply and the distinction between criticism and generalisation are essentiels.

The texts of the CEDH, of the OHCHR and of the OSCE are of entry points for the protections and limits; their scope exacte must be verified in the context concerné. [S01, S04, S08]

26. Evidence and causal inference

HAS claim civilisationnelle mélange often description and causality: « has value has produces has institution », « has culture explique has réussite », « has immigration has causé has crise ». For test has causality, it must has temporalité, has mechanism, has comparateur, has measure and has stratégie for the facteurs alternatifs.

HAS statement normative can be cohérente without be has hypothesis empirical. HAS indicator descriptif not becomes not has cause by its only presence. The data of countries not describe not each individual; the narratives individuels not establish not has tendance populationnelle. The comparisons must report the uncertainty, the data manquantes and the biais of selection.

The dossier not revendique no result original. Any future study devrait préenregistrer its criteria, publish the results nuls when possible, document the transformations of variables and do examine the analyses by has person independent.

27. Case-study method

HAS cases not is not chosen parce that il illustre already the thèse. The sheet of cases must specify the question, the unité of analysis, the period, the actors, the sources primary, the sources of context, the alternatives explanatory, the limits and the decision editorial.

Steps proposées: (1) formulate has question testable; (2) define the term « West » without the ajuster after coup; (3) build has chronologie; (4) distinguish statement, right, practice and result; (5) collect has source primary and au less has perspective contradictoire; (6) demander has commentaire when of people or institutions are directement mises in cause; (7) code the degré of evidence; (8) publish what remains unknown.

The exemples of cases are hypothetical: has debate on has programme scolaire, has réforme of freedom religious, has controverse mémorielle, has political migratory or has discours of security. No exemple not must be presented as has does real without dossier documentary verified.

28. Matrix of coding comparative

The matrix suivante is has outil of work, no has ranking of sociétés. She must be testée by two codeurs, ajustée after disagreements and accompagnée of has dictionnaire of variables.

29. Research hypotheses

H1 — More has discours définit explicitement its périmètre and its exceptions, less it recourt to of generalisations civilisationnelles no testées. Test: coding of has corpus of discours, with accord between codeurs.

H2 — The texts that distinguish values, institutions and practices documentent more the disagreements internes that the texts that parlent of has civilisation au singulier. Test: indicators of plurality of actors, of cases and of against-arguments.

H3 — The use of has opposition civilisationnelle is associé to more of research notes of border or of security that à of research notes of coopération, toutes choses observable in the corpus. This hypothesis is descriptive and not allows not of inférer the effet on the public.

H4 — HAS same safeguard of right is décrite différemment according to the gender media, the countries and the source citée. Test: compares reportages, analyses and tribunes, without attribute has intention to the rédactions.

30. Press and institutional corpus

The corpus must réunir of sources françaises and anglaises, but also of points of vue and of genres différents. The institutions apportent of texts normative, of reports or of indicators; the research apporte of methods and of debates; the press documents of événements and of cadrages. HAS rubrique of press not is not has article and is not sufficient to establish has does precise.

The present paquet inclut of entry points towards the Council of Europe and the CEDH, the OHCHR, the UNESCO, the Commission European, the OCDE, the ONU, the Banque mondiale, the OSCE and the FRA, thus that of resources of research and the media The Monde, The Figaro, Libération, France 24, BBC, The Guardian, Reuters, Financial Times, The New York Times, Associated Press, POLITICO Europe and Deutsche Welle. Each entry is étiquetée as official, research academic, reporting, analysis or opinion, or context internal; toutes the URL are to check before publication. [S01–S32]

31. How to use this corpus and lire the sources

Compares the definitions and the framing before of compares the conclusions. Distinguish evidence historical, document primary, indicator, narrative journalistique and rhetoric civilisationnelle. Retrouver the document primary cité, noter the population, the period, the method, categories and the limits.

Enregistrer the access date and the version; report paywall, résumé only, traduction, page supprimée or URL no verified; avoid of généraliser to partir of has countries, of has event or of has person; seek the dissidence internal and the perspectives externes; preserve uncertainty in the title, the résumé and the conclusion.

Sheet minimale: identifiant, URL, title exact after verification, auteur or organisation, date, language, type, access, question, population or corpus, method, result verifiable, limits, against-evidence, rights and decision of inclusion. The annotations remain courtes and not copient not the articles.

32. Safeguards editorial, right of reply and transparency

Before publication, the équipe must keep has log of corrections, has registre of rights and of the provenance, has audit trail, has protocol of withdrawal temporary, has review independent, has political of conflicts of interests and has date fixe of reassessment. The changements substantiels indiquent this that changes, pourquoi, when and on which source.

HAS person or institution directement placing in cause by has claim factuelle reçoit, when c’est possible and proportionate, has asks of commentaire indiquant the point precise and the delay of reply. L’absence of reply not is not interprétée as has aveu. HAS source inaccessible, has rumeur isolée, has inference psychological or has generalisation identity-based not must not fonder has dossier.

In cases of source compromise, of risk seriously, of erreur no résolue or of uncertainty devenue incompatible with the level of claim, suspendre temporairement the passage concerné, keep the trace of the decision and set the conditions of reassessment.

33. FAQ

The title affirme-t-it has supériorité? No. It organises has investigation on of categories contestées.

L’Occident is-it has lieu? Sometimes, according to the question; it can also be has category political, historical, legal or identity-based. The definition must be announced.

The rights are-ils Western? Some have been institutionnalisés in of States European or nord-américains, but the revendications, the contributions and the luttes for the rights have of géographies and of histoires multiples.

HAS institution Western is-she democratic by nature? No. It must examine its rules, its practice, its contrôles and its effects.

HAS criticism externe is-she anti-Western? Not nécessairement. It must lire the argument, its context and its plurality internal.

HAS page of press is enough-she? No. She can orienter towards has event or has source, but has claim precise exige the article verified and, if besoin, the document primary.

The dossier contient-it of results empirical? No. It proposes has framework, of hypotheses and has corpus to verify.

Is-this has opinion legal? No. The texts applicables and the jurisprudence must be verified with has professionnel qualifié if necessary.

34. Conclusion

« L’Occident » is neither has essence nor has category inutile by definition. Its value analytique depends of the precision with laquelle on the définit, of the stability of its borders and of the capacity to show that parle, that is included, that is exclu and which mechanisms are documentés.

The values not are not of propriétés naturelles of has peuple. This are of principles discutés, of norms, of institutions, of practices, of interests and of narratives that can itself soutenir or itself contredire. The civilisations not must not servir to replace the history, the sociologie, the right or the analyse political by has explanation globale no testée.

The result of this dossier is therefore has discipline of research: make categories contestables, present the achievements and the échecs, confronter critiques internes and perspectives externes, document the divergences and dire this that demeure unknown. Any conclusion substantielle remains conditionnée to the verification of links and to has investigation primary.

35. Prochaines steps of research

1. Obtain the basis of knowledge autorisée of the site and enregistrer the pages of content and of method with their version, their rights and their access date.

2. Verify each URL of this paquet, replace the pages of rubrique by of articles or documents precise when the argument the exige and compléter the titres, auteurs and dates uniquement after consultation.

3. Select two or trois cases comparables, préenregistrer the criteria of inclusion, test the matrix with two codeurs and publish the disagreements of coding.

4. Ajouter has review independent, has right of reply, has registre of rights, has log of corrections, has political of conflicts and has date fixe of reassessment.

5. Not publish has cases concret that if the facts, the pertinence, the risk, the possibility of reply and the traçabilité documentary satisfont the grille; sinon keep has sheet of exclusion motivée.

36. Bibliography and sources

The bibliography commentée jointe is the registre of identification of the dossier. She sépare sources official, norms and jurisprudence, research and data, press and context internal. The URL not have not been consultées in this sandbox and portent therefore the status « to check before publication ».

The references [S01] to [S32] refer to the entrées détaillées in the fichier of sources. No article not is copié; the annotations indiquent only the function documentary attendue of the point of entry and the verification to effectuer.

Sources liées

The references [S01] to [S32] refer au registre detailed. Toutes the URL externes must be verified before publication.